在英文课程的学习中,我们经常需要用到MLA格式,有很多同学第一次接触MLA格式时都是一头雾水,今天VIA带大家一起学习MLA格式~
MLA (Modern Language Association) 格式是一种用于学术论文、研究报告和其他文献引用的标准格式。MLA格式通常用于人文学科和社会科学领域,例如文学、语言学、历史学和哲学等领域。
一般要求
- Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper .在电脑上打出你的论文,并打印在8.5 x 11英寸的标准白纸上。
- Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are each distinct from one another. The font size should be 12 pt.论文文本要留出两个空格,并使用清晰的字体(例如,Times New Roman)。无论你选择什么字体,MLA建议普通和斜体的字体风格要有足够的对比,使它们彼此之间有区别。字体大小应该是12pt。
- Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks.在句号或其他标点符号后只留一个空格。
- Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.将文件的边距设为1英寸。
- Indent the first line of each paragraph one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the “Tab” key as opposed to pushing the space bar five times.每段的第一行要从左边的空白处缩进半英寸。MLA建议你使用 "Tab "键,而不是按五次空格键。
- If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).如果你有任何尾注,在你的 "作品引用 "页之前把它们放在一个单独的页面上。命名为 "注释 "部分(居中,无格式)。
- Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, pagenumber header as the rest of your paper.在研究论文的末尾,用单独的一页开始你的 "作品引用 "页。它应该与论文的其他部分一样,有一英寸的页边距和姓氏、页码的标题。
标题格式
- In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.在第一页的左上角,列出你的名字,你的老师的名字,课程和日期。同样,一定要使用双倍行距的文字。
- Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks. Write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.再用双倍行距,并将标题放在中间。不要用下划线,斜体字,或将标题放在引号中。用Title Case(标准大写)来写标题,不要用所有大写字母。
- Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text.在标题中提到其他作品时,使用引号和/或斜体字。
例:Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;
Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
- Double space between the title and the first line of the text.在标题和正文第一行之间空两格
- Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number. Number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.在右上角创建一个标题,包括你的姓氏+空格+页码。用阿拉伯数字对所有页面进行连续编号(1、2、3、4等),从顶部起半英寸,与右页边距平齐。
引用格式
IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE
文中引用:作者-页码
MLA格式遵循“作者-页码”的引用方法。这意味着作者的姓氏和引用的页码必须出现在正文中,而且完整的参考文献应出现在你的 "作品引用 "页上。
作者的名字可以出现在句子本身,也可以出现在引用或转述的括号里,但页码应该在括号里,而不是出现在句子的正文里。
例:Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
上述例子中的两个引文(263)和(Wordsworth 263)都告诉读者,句子中的信息可以在一位名叫Wordsworth的作者的作品的第263页找到。
如果读者想了解关于这个来源的更多信息,他们可以翻到作品引用页,在Wordsworth这个名字下,他们可以找到以下信息:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR
已知作者的出版物来源的引用
对于书籍、杂志、学术期刊文章和报纸等出版物来源,提供一个信号词(通常是作者的姓氏)和一个页码。
如果你在句子中提到了信号词,就不需要在括号内再次注明。
例:Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
这些例子必须与“作品引用”页相对应:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR
对未知作者的作品引用
当引用来源于未知作者时,按照这些准则,使用作品的缩短标题而不是作者姓名。
如果是短篇作品(如文章),请将标题用引号括起来;如果是长篇作品(如戏剧、书籍、电视节目、整个网站),请用斜体字括起来,如果有,请提供页码。
超过标准名词短语的标题应通过删除冠词而缩短为名词短语。例如,To the Lighthouse将被缩短为Lighthouse。
如果标题不能缩短为名词短语,则应在第一个从句、短语或标点符号后缩写标题:
例:We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming").
在这个例子中,由于读者不知道文章的作者,所以在括号引用中会出现一个缩写标题,文章的完整标题首先出现在“作品引用”页面上相应条目。
因此,作者将标题用引号括起来,作为括号引文中的信号短语,以便引导读者直接找到引用作品页面上的来源。引用的作品条目如下所示:"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
CITING A WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS
引用的作品有多个作者
对于有两个作者的共同作品,应在正文中或在括号内列出作者的姓氏:
例:Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).
相应的作品引用条目:
Best,David,andSharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1
对于有三个或更多作者的共同作品,只列出第一作者的姓氏,其他名字用et al.代替。
例:According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
相应的作品引用条目:
Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.
CITING MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
引述同一作者的多部作品
如果你引用了作者的多个作品,请为你所引用的特定作品加上简短的标题,以区别于其他作品。书籍的短标题用斜体,文章的短标题用引号。
引用同一作者的两篇文章:Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
引用同一作者的两本书:Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
此外,如果句子中没有提到作者的名字,引文的格式为:作者的名字后面加一个逗号,然后是作品的简称,适当时再加上页码:
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).
更多引用格式请参考
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html
作品引用页格式
在研究论文的末尾,用单独的一页开始你的 "作品引用 "(Works Cited Page)页。它应该与论文的其他部分一样,有一英寸的页边距以及有姓氏、页码的标题。
在该页上标明 "Works Cited"(不要用斜体字表示, 也不要把它们放在引号里),并将 "Works Cited"放在该页顶部的中央。
只有标题应该居中,引文条目本身应与左页边距对齐。
文章、书籍等标题中的每个词都要大写,但不要大写冠词(the、an)、介词或连词,除非其中一个是标题或副标题的第一个词:
例:Gone with the Wind,
The Art of War
There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
更多格式请参考
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
希望通过这篇文章,大家更好地理解并掌握如何使用MLA格式。MLA格式在学术写作中扮演着至关重要的角色,遵循正确的引用格式不仅可以提升你的文章质量,还能避免因抄袭或引用不当所带来的问题。
在未来的学术道路上,我们鼓励大家养成良好的学术习惯,尊重他人的知识产权,并且认真地对待每一篇论文。如有疑问或需要更多帮助,欢迎随时在评论区留言或联系我们~
祝大家学术顺利,学业有成!
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