红砖案例：远山·有窑 —重庆“虎溪土陶厂”

虎溪土陶厂位于重庆市沙坪坝区陈家桥镇三河村的半山上，原是一座建于20世纪80年代末的旧式龙窑，本地俗称“梯坎窑”，窑口及原有房舍均随山势逐级跌落。面对今年来供大于求的市场形势，窑主人产生了关闭窑厂，改造成农家乐的想法。建筑师田琦接触到这个项目后，提出了在保留窑厂运营的前提下免费为这家人设计。设计师充分应用自然地形特征、传统材料和乡村建造技术，将地域特有的空间意象和场所精神融入建筑创作之中，通过一次具有社会价值和人文关怀的多元设计探索实践推动传统土陶技艺的活化与再生。

Huxi pottery factory is located in hillside of Sanhe Village, Chenjiaqiao Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing. It used to have several kilns called “Long Yao ”distributed along different Heights. Faced with oversupply market situation in recent years, factory owner has an idea of closing and transforming it into a restaurant. Commissioned architect Tian Qi was willing to offer free design for the owner, under a premise of keeping the kilns working as usual. Tian took fully advantages of terrain, local materials and low-tech constructing skills, and integrated regionalism and site spirit into his design. His design involves social value and humanistic care, and also explores ways to promote reviving of traditional pottery craft.

Architectural space responding to the side kilns was designed in accord with the terrain. Seeing from south, gradient of new roof is the same with hill. Facing towards east, first floor of this two-story building is open under the cover of tile roof, except for a tea house in entry area functioning as reception space.

In order to keep the consistency of kilns’ distribution, architectural space provides progressive visual relationships for visitors from entry to kilns, presenting these kilns as exhibitions. The zenith of pitched tile roof is 6 meters high at entry point, and it lowers gradually along with shortening distance to the kilns, which makes the ranch kilns integrated within viewing frame as a proper portion.

Architect used red bricks from the brick factory nearby as main bearing and enclosure materials, because they are cheap and could be used as walls as to save money for over coating. Also, different masonry ways of bricks bring various texture to faade with wonderful light and shadow. What’s more is the recycling to abandoned building materials. For example, the grey tiles are from the old work shed and the main structure and decoration materials such as the wood beams, truss and stigmas are all found in old wood market. Besides the lower price, the old materials can’t be replaced by new ones because of its warm temperament and time stamps.

参与该项目的所有的施工队伍均来自当地乡村，建造方式也是在专业建筑师的指导下，以当地施工技术为主。如木桁架的连接方式，设计师在与木匠师傅商量后，决定放弃中国传统木作的榫卯连接方式，而采用当地建房最简单的抓钉上下固定、横向木梁之间用螺栓加夹板的方式进行连接，这种做法不仅施工速度快、建构成本低，而且体现出一种有别于传统中式风格的略带工业风的空间气质。室外钢结构楼梯的主要支撑结构采用h320/b130的工字钢，在钢梁和楼梯踏面的连接方式上，角铁焊接平板面后再将实木板搁置其上，摈弃了城市里常用的成品型材连接构件，整体造价大约只有常规做法的一半，工期还能大大缩短。

Workers are all from local village. They are directed by professional architects. For example, the way of wood truss connection is changed from the original Chinese wooden tenon connection, expected by architects, after the discussion between architects and workers, to the local way of grasping nails and transverse beams. This way of connection stands out not only because its faster speed and lower price, and also its industrial style different from traditional Chinese one. Architects also use h320/b130-beams to support the outdoor stairs. To connect steel beams and staircase tread, instead of using finished profiles connection components commonly seen in cities, the architects puts wood board on the plates welded onto angle iron, which leads to half cost of traditional one and great shortage on time.

The renovation of Huxi Pottery Factory is neither a pastoral Utopia for urban people, nor a strong implantation of foreign culture, but an exploration for villages’ own way of development and transformation, starting form architecture with creative thinking and full respect for local context. Hope this project will offer inspirable revelation to the growing group of architects devoted in rural construction.

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