送神到底难不难？

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自上任以来，特朗普时不时就威胁要把非法移民赶走，而且说到做到，经常在媒体看到一堆人手抱着头或是被摁在墙上，旁边是荷枪实弹的美国执法官员。为了抓捕非法移民，特朗普甚至与非法移民的大本营加州当局针尖对麦芒。我很想知道，这些非法移民被抓起来后，美国政府有什么招数可以把他们驱逐回国——万一这些人坚决拒绝遣返，比如他们声称，自己没有身份证明。（既然你落不是我的身份，你把我遣送回哪儿去？不是经常听说一旦落地美国，这些人就把原有的护照销毁了吗？）又或者，即使搞清楚这些人的母国（home country），而母国却拒绝或拖延接收这些人，针对这些问题，美国政府后续有哪些招数回笼这些神兽呢？我向几个热门的AI提问:

What if the person refuses to provide identity documents or to cooperate to facilitate the deportation, what the US government can do? Or, if the home country refuses to accept her, what countermeasures the US has?

下面是我得到的回答（为了行文一致，我做了稍许编辑）

The U.S. immigration system depends heavily on international cooperation, and when either the individual or the home country refuses to cooperate, it complicates—but doesn’t entirely block—removal. Here’s how the U.S. handles non-cooperation by the individual and refusal by the home country:

1. If the Person Refuses to Provide Identity Documents or Cooperate （如果被非法移民拒绝提供身份证明）

What the U.S. Can Do:

o Detain Indefinitely (With Limits):

o ICE can detain the person while it works to confirm identity or obtain travel documents.

o Issue a Bag-and-Baggage Order (Form I-166):

This is a final notice to surrender for removal. Failure to complycan result in enforcement actions.

o Enforced Removal Without Passport (Rare):

ICE 确定该人的身份可以有如下办法：ICE may try to determine nationality using:

o Past immigration records

o Foreign language spoken

o Family ties

o Social media or public records

o Fingerprint or biometric data sharing with other countries

o Some countries have agreements to match fingerprints with their databases.

However, indefinite detention is limited by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Zadvydas v. Davis (2001). If removal is not reasonably foreseeable (usually within 6 months), the government may have to release the individual under supervision. 解释一下：如果美国执法当局ICE在六个月这个合理的可预见的时间段内没有能够获得此人的身份证明，则不得不在监视居住的情况下释放该人。非法移民虽然非法，但是美国并不因此获得无限期拘押他们的权力。

2. If the Home Country Refuses to Accept the Person （如果母国拒绝接收此人）

This is a diplomatic and legal problem, not one the U.S. can solve unilaterally. Some countries regularly delay or refuse to accept deportees.

What the U.S. Can Do:

o Diplomatic Pressure: The State Department may engage with the foreign government to issue travel documents. Sometimes this works behind the scenes, especially when combined with economic or visa policy leverage.

o Visa Sanctions (Section 243(d) of the Immigration and Nationality Act): （签证制裁，这个部分我曾经写过一篇）If a country “denies or unreasonably delays” accepting deportees, the U.S. can: Suspend visas for nationals of that country (tourist, business, student, etc.). This has been used against countries like Cambodia, Laos, Guinea, Eritrea, and Ghana in the past. This is often effective—visa restrictions hurt foreign elites and create pressure.

o Post-Order Supervision Release (With Restrictions): 上面提到过，如果六个月内ICE没有搞清楚非法移民的身份，则不得不有条件释放，那这个curtailed freedom（被削减了的自由）是什么情形呢？即，此人将被监视居住，监视的情况包括：

• Electronic monitoring (ankle bracelet)戴电子脚铐

• Regular check-ins 定期向当局报备

• Travel restrictions 旅行限制

• Work authorization may be denied 不能打工

o Re-designation of Deportation Destination:（重新指定驱逐目的地）ICE may attempt to deport the person to another country they previously lived in, or have legal status in, if legal grounds exist. 遇当事人不配合无法确定身份、母国也不配合接收时，美国可以考虑将此人驱逐到第三国。条件是：

• When a Third Country May Accept a Deportee（当第三国愿意接收）Then that country has no legal or diplomatic obligation to accept them — and it is almost always impossible for the U.S. to deport them there without that country’s explicit consent.(美国不能强迫第三国)

• Previous Residency or Travel Connection. If the person lived in a third country for a significant time, even without formal status, that country might agree to accept them. (此人与该第三国有过connection)；Some countries have discretionary policies allowing return of former residents or long-term visitors. When a Third Country Cannot Be Used （如果出现如下情形，则不予考虑第三国）

If the person:

a.Has never lived in the third country

b.Has no family, legal status, or historic ties

c.Has not claimed asylum there

• Dual or Former Citizenship（此人有该第三国的双重国籍）If the person previously held or still holds dual citizenship, the U.S. can seek removal to either country; Even if citizenship was renounced, some countries might restore it or waive reinstatement.（即使此人国籍被注销过，某些国家也可以恢复）

• Refugee/Asylee Status in Third Country(此人曾在该第三国有过避难的情形); If the person was granted refugee or asylum status in another country before entering the U.S., that country may be deemed responsible for readmission under international agreements.

• Safe Third Country Agreements: These are formal treaties under which two countries agree to share responsibility for asylum seekers. Current example: U.S.-Canada Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) — allows the U.S. to return certain asylum seekers to Canada. However, these agreements do not apply to general deportations — only asylum processing.（安全第三国协议。这是个有意思的发现：美国与某些国家签署过双边协议，可以安排避难者去这个安全第三国，注意，此项仅适用于asylum processing，而非大规模遣返。与美国签署过这样的双边协议的国家就包括加拿大这个大圣母！）

• Special Diplomatic Arrangements or Consent. Occasionally, a third country may voluntarily accept a deportee for political or humanitarian reasons, often as part of a broader diplomatic negotiation. This is extremely rare and usually involves high-level intervention (e.g., UN involvement, resettlement talks). 特殊外交安排，这是一个极其罕见的情形，只为某些特殊群落做政治或人道安排。

上面的回答，我大体是满意的，在细节上肯定还有许多的魔鬼，这对于有兴趣了解但并不想做深入研究的读者来说，这个小知识的获取已经达到目标了。

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