H20邀请到一座来自非洲的城市丨肯尼亚纳罗克

Narok

杭州2018H20全球拥江发展城市峰会邀请持续进行中。我们邀请到了来自美国的圣安东尼奥，来自柬埔寨的暹粒。

今天，我们又得到了一份来自遥远非洲的确认出席函，来自非洲肯尼亚的纳罗克（Narok）也将出席杭州2018H20全球拥江发展城市峰会。

也许对暹粒还有人熟悉，但是纳罗克对很多人来说都很陌生。

小编今天就跟着大家一起来熟悉一下关于这个城市的信息以及关于他们的河流水资源。

（插播一句，我们可是特意请来国外的环保志愿者凯瑟琳，找到相关信息，加班熬夜翻译成中文给大家看的哟。因为专业，所以值得信赖。）

纳罗克市位于肯尼亚的西南部，在内罗毕的西边，紧挨着大裂谷。纳罗克市是纳罗克县的地区首府以及全区的主要商业中心。纳罗克有4万人口，大多数属于马赛族。

纳罗克的大部分居民是牧民和农民，收入的最大来源是旅游业，每年能收入100亿肯尼亚先令。在农业方面，小麦对城市的经济也有不少贡献。

（位于河流附近的农场）

纳罗克管辖范围内有许多主要的河流，同时还有一些干旱及崎岖的地势，地热活动丰富的火山区域，和3100米海拔的高原区。因其肥沃的高原土壤，这里又有“国家面包篮”的称号。

Enkare Narok（意思：黑色的水，深色的水）这一河流流过纳罗克。

居民的改良饮用水来源方式，包括被保护的泉和水井，水管系统，以及收集的雨水。

未改良的饮用水来源包括水塘，水坝，湖泊，溪流，河流，未受保护的泉和水井等。

雨

用来收集雨水的小水坝

Suswa（音译苏苏瓦））山以及Suswa草原的风景非常漂亮，经常能看见长颈鹿，羚羊，斑马，狒狒等野生动物。

Ole Nchoe先生是Enkare Narok支流中12个水资源利用者协会的主席。

协会与Ewaso Nyiro河上9个类似组织合作，争取合理使用稀缺资源。加在一起，他们的工作一共覆盖一条188公里长的河段。

Ole Nchoe先生希望位于肯尼亚大裂谷Ewaso Nyiro南盆地里进行的河流水共享项目，能有助于避免其他区域牧民和农民之间的冲突。牧笛草原干旱而逐渐消退，带来暴力和压力。虽然Ole Nchoe先生的工作可能暂时解决了问题，但他还很担心未来会有更多为了水资源带来的竞争事件。

（干旱季节，牧民等待使用水井）

（干旱季节 水位低）

每一条河流都有一个培训并支持协会人员的中，这些中心还会提供私人和社区农场以及举办节水活动。Ole Nchoe先生说，培训中心建议农民在河岸上种树，而非农作物。这做法有助于预防水土流失。水土流失过多，河水的流动很快就被沉积物遮挡，容易使水流改变方向，给生活在河流下游区域的人民带来不方便。

他表示，和平共享自然资源，是保持依赖于河流的社区之间的和平的关键。

“

“当你利用河流的时候，你可别忘记其他使用者 （包括野生动物）的需求，否则会有麻烦，”他说。

”

在由荷兰政府资助的协会的帮助下，农民采纳了养蜂，灌溉，种树等多种保持健康河岸土地的做法。

除此以外，当地社区筑起了几个小水坝用来收集并保留雨水，还开展了不少工作来保护Ewaso Nyiro河旁边的泉（比如，建造围栏）。

（Narok附近的野生动物们）

Enkare Narok协会其中一员的农民Daniel Naikuni为水量的下降以及纳罗克市及其周边地区导致的大量水流污染而感到担忧。

Naikuni先生说，培训中心教育农民，农场与河岸之间保留15米长的空隙非常重要。无农业土地可以用来种树，还采纳滴灌而非从河流泵水，挖垄沟等灌溉方法。

如果水位下降的话，可能会有居民与野生动物之间的冲突。只要野生动物失去了水资源，它们可能会侵入居民的领地来找水。

Ewaso Nyiro南培训中心的经理Julius Muriuku说，河流旁边的农民需要其他收入，用来支持他们减少种农作物和养畜牧的密度。毕竟，这两种活动都要用到大量的河水。

水资源管理部官员Samuel Gor说，Ewaso Nyiro河下游的人民由于上游农民偷偷泵水增强灌溉，受了干旱季节带来的极大损害。

Background about Narok

Narok市背景知识

相关资料翻译整理：

凯瑟琳·奥尔森（Katherine Olson）

Narok is a town west of Nairobi in the south-west of the country, along the Great Rift Valley. Narok is the district capital of the Narok County and stands as the major centre of commerce in the district. Narok has a population of around 40,000 people, mostly Maasai.

The majority of the population are pastoralists and farmers. The main economic income is the tourism sector, which brings an estimated 10 billion Kenya Shillings annually, as well as wheat farming, which is done both in large and small scale.

The constituency is home to a number of major rivers, arid and rugged landscapes, volcanic lands with prominent geothermal activities and highland areas of Melili rising to an altitude of 3100m above sea level. The highlands provide fertile ground for farming making the constituency acquire the tag “bread basket of the county.”

Enkare Narok (meaning black water or dark water) is the name of the river flowing through Narok town. Improved sources of water comprise protected spring, protected well, piped into dwelling, piped and rain water collection while unimproved sources include pond, dam, lake, stream/river, unprotected spring, unprotected welland others.

Mt. Suswa and the entire plains of Suswa feature breathtaking views of the escarpment and wild animals like giraffes, gazelles, antelopes, zebras and baboons.

Kelena Ole Nchoe hopes efforts to share river water in the Ewaso Nyiro South basin in Kenya’s Rift Valley will help avoid the violence that has erupted elsewhere between herders and farmers as a drought crisis shrinks pasture. But he is sure there will be competition for water in the near future.

Ole Nchoe is the chair of 12 associations for water users along the Enkare Narok tributary which strive to use the scarce resource wisely, complementing the work of nine groups on the main Ewaso Nyiro River. Together they cover a 188-km stretch.

On each river, there is a center that trains and supports the associations’ members, hosting private and community farms and carrying out water conservation activities. Ole Nchoe said the centers advise farmers not to cultivate crops near the river but to plant trees along its banks instead. This helps prevent soil erosion that will eventually block the river with sediment and alter its course, inconveniencing people downstream.

Fair sharing of natural resources is key to keeping the peace among communities that depend on the river, he added. “When using the river, you must be mindful of other people who are also using it - including wild animals - or else there will be trouble,” he said. With the backing of the associations, funded by the Dutch government, farmers have adopted techniques to keep the land near the river healthy, ranging from bee-keeping and irrigation to tree planting.

Communities have also constructed small dams to collect and retain rainwater, and carried out work to preserve springs along the Ewaso Nyiro River, such as erecting fences.

Daniel Naikuni, a farmer who belongs to one of the Enkare Narok associations, is worried about declining water volumes, as well as rampant pollution of the river near Narok town.

The centers educate farmers about the importance of leaving a 15-metre gap between their cultivated land and the river on which to plant trees, Naikuni said. They are also discouraged from using generators to pump water from the river and from building furrows on their land. Instead, the recommendation is to start using drip irrigation.

Any drop in water levels could lead to conflicts between people and wildlife as animals move onto homesteads in search of water.

Julius Muriuki, who manages the Ewaso Nyiro South centers, said farmers along the rivers need to be offered new sources of income to deter them from intensive cropping and animal rearing, which drain water from the river.

Samuel Gor, a local official with the government’s water resources management authority, said people downstream on the Ewaso Nyiro River have borne the brunt of Kenya’s current drought as farmers intensify irrigation upstream, often using pumps in secrecy.