例2：13年安徽卷B篇
P1：Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger， but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways .
P2：You may wonder how paving(铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water . A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave， the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
P3：Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages(短缺). Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall ，but in any case， good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs .
P4：Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference， too. In the United States， a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day！ This shows how much we depend on water to live， but there’s a lot we can do to lower the number.
P5：You can take steps to save water in your home .To start with， use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day .Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.
61. What can be inferred from the text？
A. All water shortages are due to human behavior.
B. It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.
C. There is much we can do to reduce family size.
D. The average family in America makes proper use of water.
妙语点睛：
根据题干可知，此题属于主旨型推断题，且遭殃的是A、B、C、D四个选项中没有公共定位词，需要我们自己划。
第一步：从各选项分别划定位词。A选项中出现灭绝师太“all”。 A选项的意思是“所有的水短缺都是由于人类的行为”。这句与常识相违背。君不知有干旱龟裂这种天灾吗？人类用水即便挥霍无度，有时也抵不过老天爷的久旱不雨啊，判断为错。故推断题错误选项的特点与细节题错误选项的特点“常识错一定错”如出一辙。
B选项划“water need”为定位词。根据此定位词找回原文第三段第二句Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱) than areas with more rainfall ，but in any case， good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs .此句的意思是“干燥气候区域与降雨量多的区域相比，更有可能发生干旱，但是好的管理能确保人类对于水的基本需求。”根据此句可以推断，满足人类对水的需求，需要好的管理。这句与B项“满足人类对水的需求需要努力”意思相近，此项重点考虑。
C选项划family size为定位词。根据定位词找回原文第四段第二句In the United States， a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day！和第三句This shows how much we depend on water to live， but there‘s a lot we can do to lower the number.此两句的意思是“在美国，一个四口之家一天用掉1.5吨水！” “这表明我们生活是多么离不开水，但是我们能做很多来降低用水的数量。”C选项 “我们能做很多来降低家庭人数”。而原文的意思是降低用水量，故C选项的family size属无中生有，预判为错。
D选项划America为定位词。根据定位词找回原文第四段第二句In the United States， a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day！ “在美国，一个四口之家一天用掉1.5吨水！”D选项 “在美国，普通家庭用水很合理”。此表述与原文相矛盾。故预判为错。
第三步：寻找满足“立足原文，只推一步”或“推得近的>推得远的”原则的正项。原文第二段在讲修路会导致影响地下水；第三段在讲干旱会影响供水；第四段在讲美国家庭用水极度浪费；二、三、四段讲了目前水资源供应和使用情况不容乐观。于是第五段讲了一系列的节水措施，如1.use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. （每日只用一个水杯喝水且只洗一次水杯）2.Run your dishwasher (洗碗机)only when it is full. （洗碗机中的碗碟满了之后再一起洗）3.Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.（帮助父母亲修补漏水口） 4.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away. （重新回收利用废电池）。从这四点措施，让我们知道节水是每个人在生活中应花功夫的事情。综合第二、三、四、五段信息，我们可知，B选项It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs（花费很多努力才能够满足我们对于水的需求）是立足于这四段信息的基础上推导出来的，且紧贴原文、推得不远，故B为正解。
据以上两例，我们可知推断题正误选项的特点与细节题基本一致，即：正确选项是原文的同义改写，且立足原文，不凭空推断。而错误选项各有其特点，主流的四个特点为
1. 无中生有
2. 与原文相矛盾
3. 灭绝师太
4. 常识错一定错
如想了解更多关于推断题正错选项的特点可参考本节细节题正确选项和错误选项的特点。
四、总结
本章介绍了推断题的做题方法和注意事项。推断题有两种题型：主旨型推断题和细节类推断。主旨型推断题在选项中分别划定位词，而细节型推断题在题干中直接划定位词即可（划定位词同细节题划定位词的三原则）。总体上讲，推断题的做题方法和细节题类似。需要额外注意的是推断题要立足原文，不可凭空猜测，也不可推得太远，只推一步即可。
本文来源：网易教育频道综合
责任编辑：
王晓易_NE0011
