羧基是有机合成中非常常见的一个基团,由于比较活泼,对很多反应都有影响。因此对其进行保护很有必要,之前小编汇总过【】 ,有很多方法直接由羧酸进行酯化。各种保护方法可以参考相应的保护基的特点进行脱保护,对于烷基类保护基,如果底物对碱稳定的话可以直接碱水解【】,当然底物酸稳定也有酸水解的方法。苄酯可以通过氢化脱保护,烯丙酯可以通过钯催化的方法脱保护,有机硅类的保护基可以利用TBAF脱保护。最常用的可以无水条件下脱保护的羧酸酯是叔丁酯【】,可以在酸性条件下,裂解得到羧酸。【】
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但是常见的甲酯乙酯等烷基酯是否有办法,像叔丁酯一样,在无水条件下直接裂解呢?
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小编发现了一篇发表在JOC上的利用铝粉和碘在无水条件下裂解羧酸烷基酯的文章【J. Org. Chem. 2021, 86, 4254−4261】分享给大家。文章介绍了一种在非水解条件下一锅法脱保护羧酸酯的方法。常见的羧酸烷基酯利用铝粉和碘在无水乙腈中加热很容易分解成羧酸。内酯的裂解产生相应的碘代烷基羧酸。该方法另外一个优点是能够在芳基酯存在的情况下选择性地裂解羧酸烷基酯。
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合成中常用的烷基酯,如甲酯,乙酯,叔丁酯,苄酯都可以利用此方法进行脱保护。
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在芳基酯存在的情况下选择性地裂解羧酸烷基酯,但是乙酸苯酯的酚的邻位有羧基时,由于邻助效应也会发生裂解。
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反应机理:
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反应操作:
Benzoic Acid (2) General Procedure. To a 100 mL roundbottom flask equipped with a magnetic bar (2 cm) and a refluxing condenser sealed with an empty balloon at the top (to prevent moisture) was added in sequence methyl benzoate (1, 0.681 g, 5 mmol), aluminum (0.162 g), iodine (0.951 g, 3.75 mmol, 0.75 equiv), and acetonitrile (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C in an oil bath for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was quenched by dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 M, 5 mL) and was extracted with EA (50 mL × 3). The organic phases were combined, washed with saturated aqueous Na2S2O3, and dried over MgSO4. After filtration, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation to afford benzoic acid (2) as a white solid.
参考资料
Cleavage of Carboxylic Esters by Aluminum and Iodine;Dayong Sang,* Huaxin Yue, Yang Fu, and Juan Tian*;J. Org. Chem. 2021, 86, 4254−4261。
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