研究生 | 谁决定课题和实验？

来源：饶毅科学

【实验科学的研究生或博士后，一般应该是研究生、博士后自由选择课题，决定实验，而实验室的老师提供指导、提供帮助】

自从 1983 年读研究生开始，我自己遇到的导师（上海第一医学院的张安中、旧金山加州大学的詹裕农和叶公杼、哈佛的 Douglas Melton），都是让研究生、博士后自己选择课题和实验，虽然他们提供指导和帮助，但最后的选择是自己。

因此，我从来没有想过还有其他模式。

我自己的实验室，自然也是研究生和博士后自己选择。

录取研究生和博士后，每个老师有自己的标准。但自从我到旧金山加州大学读书，研究生首先是系里录取，入学后再轮转，与导师双向选择，所以研究生录取还不仅是导师一个人的选择。博士后是直接由导师选择。

一旦加入实验室，我以前都及时告诉学生（现在年纪大了、也因为与以前太重复）：

不仅课题是自己决定，而且每天的实验更是自己决定。老师和实验室可以给研究生提供指导，也可以提出可以选择的课题，更应该指出不同课题的重要性和对学生是否合适，还应该及时止损，或者有其他机遇应该提醒学生注意，这些机遇可以来自实验室、也可以来自科学的进展。

周传在我实验室，开始我建议过研究果蝇的磁感应，后来他自己改成研究果蝇的打架，开创了我实验室一系列的社会行为的分子遗传学研究。这完全是他带领了我实验室的一部分，而不是我。在这个过程中，他与国际科学家交流，包括研究生期间多次出国或开会、或参加暑期班。他也与几个研究生同学给北大本科生开课，分享他们的智识快乐。

周传喜欢科学，在他短暂的一生，he had fun with science。

例如，以下是周传写的，没有发表的，我一字没改：

Fighting drunk flies

Chuan Zhou

The models of ethanol intoxication and tolerance in Drosophila have been established and the genetic mechanisms of that revealed recently. Locomotion or loss of body control as behavioral output has allowed rapid and reliable mutant characterization and facilitated mechanistic studies, whereas on the other hand, disadvantages are manifested by the inability of mimicking the repertoire of complex behaviors elicited or altered by alcohol in mammals and humans. One of the long noticed behavioral traits that are thought to be tightly and causally linked to alcoholism is aggression. Our ancestors had learned to rouse the aggressiveness of warriors with a cup of wine before they went out for a battle (Fig. 1). However, the destructive effect caused by alcoholism is also without doubt: 25% of the violent crimes have been thought to be committed by individuals of alcohol abuse In the USA. In spite of the importance of alcohol-aggression relationship, little is known about the mechanism with the exception of a few studies in mammals pointing out the involvement of dopamine and serotonin pathway.

We thus sought to establish the model of alcohol heightened aggression in Drosophila. Flies aged for 5 days in a group of 10 were exposed to either humidified air, ethanol vapor produced by diffusing air through a 95% alcohol solution (high level exposure), or a combination of the two (middle level exposure). The middle level exposure of ethanol vapor was achieved by mixing 45 flow units of air with 50 flow units of ethanol vapor. Interestingly, middle concentration of alcohol treatment could significantly increase the number of lunging, the most prominent fighting pattern in fruitfly fighting, and reduce the fighting latency (Fig. 2a, b). It should also worth noting that alcohol exposure of high concentration almost phenocopied that of middle concentration, which is a bit surprising because only low but not high dose of alcohol consumption is able to change aggression in mammals. There is a trend of increase in escalated fighting patterns which include holding, boxing and tussling after alcohol treatment, though not significantly (Fig. 2c). We also tested the effects of middle level alcohol exposure for different time courses. The results showed that 10 min is most effective to promote aggression, whereas 30 min of exposure is not able to significantly change the aggression indices, possibly due the sedation effect of enduring ethanol consumption (Fig. 3).

Hence our results suggest a potentially excellent model for studying the interaction between alcohol sensitization and aggression. It is still unclear that alcohol directly modulates the “aggression center” or indirectly effects on neurons which project excitatory or inhibitory afferents to aggression responsible neurons. It is also unknown whether the effect of alcohol on aggression is acute or long-lasting, or whether the chronic treatment of alcohol is as effective. It should be interesting to investigate whether genes implicated in alcohol intoxication are involved in alcohol heightened aggression or not. For example, CREB pathway has been proven to be a key regulator in behavioral plasticity of alcohol intoxication and in social experience regulated sleep. Since we have known that social experience also greatly influences aggression, it would be interesting to ask that whether CREB also play a role in modulation of aggression by alcohol or isolation (grouping) effects, and in what extent the repertoire of genes regulate alcohol heightened aggression and isolation induced aggression is the same or different. The power of fly genetics should allow us to identify the genes and biochemical pathways and neural circuits underlying this complex behavioral interaction.

图：

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