US concern about China’s overcapacity is a non-issue

Wang Huiyao: US concern about China’s overcapacity is a non-issue, just like in 2009

Residential buildings with solar panels are seen from the air in Yinchuan, Ningxia, in northwestern China, on March 31. US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen recently said China should address its overcapacity issue, particularly with regard to clean energy products. Photo: AFP

SCMP OP-Ed

■ The narrative sounds similar to that during the global financial crisis when, as a result of its massive stimulus package, China became the world’s largest exporter amid weak demand.

■ Instead of pointing fingers, China’s green capacity should be viewed within the broader framework of climate change cooperation.

By Wang Huiyao | Founder of

the Center for China and Globalization(CCG)

The issue of overcapacity in China has once again found its way into international discourse. During her recent visit to China, US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen emphasised the concerns shared by the United States and other nations over China’s industrial overcapacity spilling into the global economy.

Echoing Yellen, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken also raised unfair Chinese trade practices during a subsequent meeting with local government officials in Shanghai.

Overcapacity, denoting a situation where production surpasses demand, has become a recurring theme in discussions on China’s economic landscape, resonating across various sectors and industries.

Lu Feng, emeritus professor of economics at Peking University, recently shed light on the dimensions of the current wave of overcapacity. He pointed to sectors including petrochemicals, semiconductors, autos, new energy vehicles and batteries.

For instance, Chinese exports of lithium-ion batteries surged more than 30 per cent year on year in 2023. In the same year, China also exported 1.2 million electric vehicles, 80 per cent more than a year ago.

The rapid growth of China’s EV exports, in particular, has driven discussions on Chinese overcapacity. Fuelled by geopolitically charged mistrust, these concerns have been amplified into a chorus of anxiety.

However, the current narrative of Chinese overcapacity sounds rather similar to that during the global financial crisis of 2008, as China’s 4 trillion yuan (US$580 billion) stimulus package led to expanded industrial input and concerns over Chinese exporting overcapacity.

China became the world’s largest exporter in 2009, triggering apprehension about an economic model more centred on acquiring market share than brand-building. Back then, the contraction of global trade exacerbated fears about overcapacity, so much so that The New York Times ran a piece fretting over China’s excess capacity.

Yet, history reveals that this state of affairs was short-lived, and that the hand-wringing about overcapacity was unnecessary. Global demand quickly recovered in 2010, as exports grew 14.5 per cent, a rebound from the 12 per cent fall in the previous year. And concerns about China’s capacity began to dissipate.

It became evident that the outcry about overcapacity was largely inspired by the global economic slowdown and diminished market demand rather than inherent flaws in China’s industrial model.

Fast-forward to 2024, and the global economic landscape is marked by geopolitical turbulence, and international trade dynamics are unfolding differently.

Despite this, international demand has shown noticeable resilience, and forecasts indicate a gradual recovery in global trade. The world electric vehicle market, in particular, is witnessing exponential growth, with sales soaring 35 per cent year on year in 2023 and projections indicating further expansion.

BYD electric vehicles are lined up ready to be loaded onto the ship BYD Explorer No 1 for export to Brazil, at the port of Lianyungang in Jiangsu province, on April 25. Photo: China Daily via Reuters

Similarly, the solar panel market presents immense growth potential, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasting that global demand for new photovoltaic installations will reach 820 gigawatts, about four times that of 2022, if the goal set by the Paris Agreement is met.

The global market’s green appetite is huge and dwarfs the capacity of suppliers. To achieve the climate goals outlined in the Paris agreement, substantial investments in clean energy are imperative – according to the IEA, US$4.5 trillion would be needed per year, yet renewable energy spending in 2023 is expected to be only US$1.8 trillion.

The gap between required investment and actual expenditure underscores the need for highly cost-effective products, advanced technologies and efficient resource allocation. It is impossible for China to tackle the climate challenge alone.

Instead of addressing so-called overcapacity, we need global collaboration across industries and sectors to increase the momentum of the global sustainable economy.

As the world transitions to environmental technologies, maximising the capacity of green suppliers is critical in combating climate change. Rather than resorting to finger-pointing and protectionism, fostering cooperation among all stakeholders – manufacturers, researchers, suppliers, investors and consumers – is paramount.

China, with its diverse industrial capabilities, plays a pivotal role in the global manufacturing landscape, accounting for about one-third of the world’s manufacturing output.

Viewed within the framework of economic globalisation, China’s capacity is indispensable to meeting international demand. Moreover, an integrated global market not only requires diverse participation but also offers mutual benefits, fostering a win-win scenario for stakeholders.

In conclusion, the narrative surrounding overcapacity in China must be contextualised within the broader framework of sustainable industrial growth and global collaboration.

As the world embraces the green transition, leveraging collective capacities and resources is imperative in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Instead of fragmentation, concerted efforts towards cooperation and innovation will pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for all.

From SCMP， 2024-5-2

CCG Books

● Published by Springer

● Authors: Wang Huiyao

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● Published by Palgrave Macmillan Singapore

● Editors: Wang Huiyao, Miao Lu

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● Edited by Wang Huiyao and Miao Lu

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● Published by Edward Elgar

● Edited by Wang Huiyao, President and Miao Lu, Vice President, Center for China and Globalization(CCG), Beijing, China

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An excellent guide for understanding the trends, challenges and opportunities facing China through globalization, this Handbook answers the pertinent questions regarding the globalization process and China’s influence on the world.

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An essential reference for academics and researchers looking for a go-to empirical resource, this Handbook provides scholars of economics, politics and East Asian studies with an exemplary selection of contemporary research on China and globalization.

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● Published by Springer

● Authors: Wang Huiyao, President and Miao Lu, Vice President, Center for China and Globalization(CCG), Beijing, China

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