法律翻译中“的”字结构的译法

从我国的颁布的各种法规性文件来看，“的”字的使用非常广泛。法律文本中“的”字结构想当于一个名词，具有名词的语法功能。在句子中可以作主语、谓语、宾语等。翻译时，“的”字通常可以处理为以下5种形式：

1. Who式

邮政工作人员私自开拆或者隐匿、毁弃邮件的，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百九十一条第一款的规定追究刑事责任。

Postal personnel who without permission open or conceal destroy or discard postal materials shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with Paragraph 1 in Article 191 .of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.

Who式又可以分为以下5种形式：

① Whoever 式： 如

“具有下列条件之一的-....”

Whoever meets the one of the following conditions ...

可参考双语例句：

勾结外国，阴谋危害祖国的主权、领土完整和安全的，处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever colludes with foreign states in plotting to harm the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the motherland is to be sentenced to life imprisonment or not less than ten years offixed-term imprisonment.

故意破坏国家保护的珍贵文物、名胜古迹的，处七年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever intentionally sabotages precious cultural relics or places of historic interest or scenic beauty protected by the state is to be sentenced to not more than seven years of fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention.

② Anyone who式：

Anyone who meets one of the following conditions ...

违反本法第十七条的规定，对经商检机构抽样检验不合格的出口商品擅自出口的，依照前款的规定处罚。

Anyone who in violation of the provisions of Article 17 of this law purposely exports export commodities which have been found substandard during a random inspection by the commodity inspection authorities, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

③ Those who 式：

Those who meet one of the following conditions ...

知情不报并为走私人提供方便的，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得两倍以下的罚款;没有违法所得的，处人民币 5000元以下的罚款

Confiscation of illegal goods incomes shall be imposed on those who do not report the case they know and provide facilities to the smuggler, and a fine below twice the illegal incomes may be imposed at the same time. In case there is no illegal income, a fine below 5000 yuan in RMB shall be imposed.

④ A/Any person who式：

A/Any person who meets one of the following conditions ...

因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担民事责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，应当承担适当的民事责任。

A person who causes harm in exercising justifiable defence shall not bear civil liability. If justifiable defence exceeds the limits of necessity and undue harm is caused, an appropriate amount of civil liability shall be borne.

⑤ No one who式：

有下列情形之一的,不予注册

no one who is found in one of the following cases may be registered

2. Where 式 ：

where one of the following conditions is met ...

可参考双语例句：

Where a change in the method of calculation is necessary,the matter shall be reported to the local tax authorities for approval

需要变更计算方法的，应当报经当地税务机关批准。

Where other clients entrust a certified public accountant to provide services, and there is a need to consult the relevant data and documents and carry out investigations, the matter shall be handled according to the agreement contained in the letter of attorney executed in accordance with the law.

其他委托人委托注册会计师助理业务，需要查阅资料、文件和进行调查的，按照依法签订的委托书的约定办理。

3. When式

可参考双语例句：

Whena registered trademark is to be assigned , the assignor and the assignee shall jointly file an application with the Trademark Office.

转让注册商标的，转让人和受让人应当共同向商标局提出申请。

When a people's court recieves a bill of complaint or an oral complaint and finds upon examination that it meets the requirements for acceptance as specified in this law, it shall within seven days file a case; if the complaint does not meet the requirements for acceptance as specified.in this law, the court shall within seven days notify the plaintiff that the complaint has been rejected and provide due explanation.

人民法院接到起诉状或者口头起诉，经审查,符合本法规定的受理条件的，应当在7日内立案;不符合本法规定的受理条件的，应当在7日内通知原告不予受理，并说明理由。

4. If 式 ：

if a person meets the one of the following conditions....

可参考双语例句：

If violations of these regulations constitute crimes, the judicial organs shall investigate the criminal responsibilities according to law.

违反本条例规定，已构成犯罪行为的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。

If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization ,during the period prescribed by law , neither brings a suit nor carries out the specific administrative act, the administrative organ may apply to a people's court for compulsory execution , or proceed with compulsory execution according to law.

公民、法人或者其他组织对具体行政行为在法定期限内不提起诉讼又不履行的，行政机关可以申请人民法院强制执行，或者依法强制执行。

5. In case 式：

可参考双语例句：

In case that a certified public accountant has been found unqualified for the office, the finance department that originally approved the registration shall cancel the registration, revoke the certified public accountant certificate, and report the case to the Ministry of Finance for the record

注册会计师确实不称职的，原批准注册的财政机关应当撤销注册，收回注册会计师证书，并报财政部备案。

In cases where a right of patent application.or a patent right is assigned , the parties must conclude a written contract,which shall come into force after it is registered with and publicly announced by the Patent Office

转让专利申请权或者专利权的，当事人必须订立书面合同，经专利局登记和公告后生效。

而在英语为源语言的法规法条中也可以找到上述结构的使用，以美国《版权法》为例，可分别检索到上述结构的相关例句如下：

Whoever 式共计7处

Whoever knowingly makes a false representation materially affecting the rights obtainable under this chapter for the purpose of obtaining registration of a design under this chapter shall pay a penalty of not less than $500 and not more than $1,000, and any rights or privileges that individual may have in the design under this chapter shall be forfeited. (§1327 · Penalty for false representation)

Anyone who 式共计3处

Anyone who, on or before the last day of the applicable transition period under paragraph (2), and without the consent of the rights owner, engages in covered activity with respect to a sound recording fixed before February 15, 1972, shall be subject to the remedies provided in sections 502 through 505 and 1203 to the same extent as an infringer of copyright or a person that engages in unauthorized activity under chapter 12. (§1401 · Unauthorized use of pre-1972 sound recordings)

Those who 式共计3处

Such further grant or agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it covers has vested under clause (2) of this subsection, including those who did not join in signing it.

Any person who式共计37处

Any person who warrants, promises, or guarantees that a work does not violate an exclusive right granted in section 106 shall not be liable for legal, equitable, arbitral, or administrative relief if the warranty, promise, or guarantee is breached by virtue of the restoration of copyright under this section, if such warranty, promise, or guarantee is made before January 1, 1995. (§104A Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright)

If 式共计123处

If a work in which copyright is restored has no formal title, it shall be described in the notice of intent in detail sufficient to identify it.

Where 式共计9处

Where a voluntary license or individual download license applies, the license authority provided under the blanket license shall exclude any musical works (or shares thereof) subject to the voluntary license or individual download license.

参考：

1. 林克难、藉明文:“法律文书中‘的’字结构翻译探讨”,《上海科技翻译》2002 年第 3期。

2. circular 9 2 Copyright Law of the United States and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code

3. 李长栓《非文学翻译理论与实践》

4. 张福林《实用法律英汉翻译》

来源：译问