警惕！日本排海的是“核污水”还是“核废水”？

日本东京电力公司25日宣布，已完成为福岛第一核电站核污染水排海而修建的海底隧道挖掘工作，将继续推进后续工作。

不过问题来了，为什么非要挖个管道呢？直接排海不更省钱吗？

↓点击看清日本核排污的真相↓

这背后，是日方玩弄的一个个文字游戏，也是其为给核排污寻找合法性的小伎俩。今天双语君（微信ID: chinadaily_mobile）就给大家扒一扒。

01

核污染水vs核废水

日本政府与东电在官方文件中，都坚持把福岛水罐里的水称作“处理后的核废水”（treated nuclear wastewater）。

但中国与绝大部分国家、国际组织都称其为“核污染水”（nuclear contaminated wastewater）。

Both the Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) in their official documents insist calling it "treated nuclear waste water"; yet China, along with most other countries and international organizations prefer "nuclear contaminated wastewater".

二者有本质的不同。核废水是指核电站在正常日常活动中产生的废水，如用于冷却核电站关键部分的水。这些水不会接触到核反应堆中的放射性物质，经过严格处理后，可以通过管道排出。

However, the two are fundamentally different. Nuclear wastewater refers to the wastewater produced in the normal daily activities of nuclear power plants, such as the large quantities of water used to cool down the key parts of nuclear power plants. Because the water doesn't touch the radioactive substances in the nuclear reactor, it can be flushed out after strict processing.

核污染水指在事故中直接接触反应堆中放射性物质的水，由于受到沾染而具有高度放射性。这种水要严格存放，经过多道工序处理、专家评估效果后才能允许被排放到海洋里，否则其带来的生态风险将不可估量。

While nuclear contaminated water means the water that directly touches the radioactive substances in the reactors in accidents, which has itself become highly radioactive. That water must also be strictly processed and evaluated by experts from all parties concerned before being expelled into the ocean. If not, ecological risk may irreversibly turn into ecological damage.

图源：中国日报 宋晨

02

倾倒vs排放

据悉，日本东电公司从2022年8月开始挖一条管道，从福岛第一核电站开始，从地下联通到海里，长度一共1公里。等排放设备安装好后，福岛核电站的核污染水就会通过这条隧道，源源不断地排向太平洋。

为什么不直接排海？因为日本要借管道进行文字狡辩，美化排污行为。

1972年，也就是《联合国海洋法公约》生效那年，多个国家在英国伦敦议定通过《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》，简称《伦敦倾废公约》，后来历经几次更新。

In 1972, the year when the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea came into force, several countries agreed in London to adopt the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, referred to as the London Dumping Convention, which sets strict rules on dumping waste into the ocean.

该公约对向海洋里倾倒废弃物做出了严格的规定，还规定“倾倒” （dumping） 包括下列行为：

1、从船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物将废物或其他物质在海洋中作的任何故意处置；

2、将船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物在海洋中作的任何故意处置；

3、从船舶、航空器、平台或其他海上人工构造物将废物或其他物质在海床及其底土中作的任何贮藏。

4. 仅为故意处置目的在现场对平台或其他海上人工构造物作的任何弃置或任何倾覆。

这条规定本意是为了严谨，防止有些国家或者地区钻空子，结果日本政府就在这件事上玩文字游戏。他们把管道埋在土里，这样核污染水排海的出口就在海里边，他们叫“排放”（piping），声称不符合“倾倒”（dumping）的定义。

在2022年10月的《伦敦倾废公约》公约议定书大会上，韩国代表指出日本违反公约。日本代表却以这条管道为例，宣称他们不是“倾倒”核污水，认为不应当在公约议定书会议上讨论。

The regulation is aimed at preventing some countries or regions from taking advantage of the loopholes. As a result, Japan has played fast and loose with the rules. At a meeting of the Protocol of the Convention in October 2022, the South Korean delegate noted that Japan had violated the convention, but the Japanese delegate cited the pipeline as an example, claiming that they were not "dumping" the nuclear contaminated wastewater and argued that the issue "should not be discussed" at such meetings.

核污染水排海项目海底隧道挖掘工程现场。图源：海外网

03

风险vs损害

在很多国际场合，日本政府都拒绝与周边国家谈论核排污问题，其一个主要理由在于核排污尚未启动，并未对环境造成实质性损害，没有damage。

这是完完全全的诡辩。

依据《海洋法公约》的规定，各国一旦获知海洋环境有遭受污染的迫切风险，应立即通知其他国家和主管国际组织；应尽可能合作以消除污染影响并防止或尽量减少损害。各国应采取一切必要措施，确保其管辖或控制下的活动不致使其他国家及其环境遭受污染的损害，并不致损害于国家管辖范围之外。

This is a sheer sophistry. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, states should notify others and international organizations as soon as they become aware of an imminent risk of pollution of the marine environment. Wherever possible, cooperation should be maximized to eliminate the effects of pollution and to prevent or minimize damage. States shall take all necessary measures to ensure that activities under their jurisdiction or control do not expose other states and their environment, to pollution or harm beyond national jurisdiction.

所以说，日本不能等到核排污启动后、甚至排污多少年后，才在国际压力下共同组织专家评估损害具体有多重，那时大祸已经酿成、无可挽回了！

4月13日，在日本东京，民众手举标语在日本国会众议院第二议员会馆前参加集会抗议。新华社记者 岳晨星 摄

只要核排污对周边国家和海洋环境造成风险，也就是risk，那就需要通报利益相关方并共同采取措施。

Therefore, Japan cannot wait until after the nuclear contaminated wastewater discharge is activated, or even later, to jointly organize experts to assess the extent of the damage under international pressure. By then, the damage will have been done and the situation will be irreparable. If waste management plans pose any risk to neighboring countries and the marine environment, stakeholders should be notified so joint measures can be taken.

国际社会不能等待行为实施和危害后果出现后才加以制约。日本不能先污染后治理，等到有了damage才去解决问题，而是应当要在risk阶段就做出防范，核污水根本排不到海里去！

客观地说，中国并非日本核排污的唯一受害国。中国反对日本核排污，是站在人类命运共同体的高度，保护全人类的海洋环境不受日本核排污的损害。相比之下，日本只为一己私利就执意排核污水入海，其狭隘之意尽人皆知。

↓点击看清日本核排污的真相↓

记者：张周项

编辑：陈月华

视频：左卓 陈月华

实习生：李嘉薇 张笑妍 秦欣然