龚鹏程x戴维斯｜男性领导人有将资源浪费在战争和冲突上的趋势

龚鹏程对话海外学者第一百零八期：在后现代情境中，被技术统治的人类社会，只有强化交谈、重建沟通伦理，才能获得文化新生的力量。这不是谁的理论，而是每个人都应实践的活动。龚鹏程先生遊走世界，并曾主持过“世界汉学研究中心”。我们会陆续推出“龚鹏程对话海外学者”系列文章，请他对话一些学界有意义的灵魂。范围不局限于汉学，会涉及多种学科。以期深山长谷之水，四面而出。

卡罗拉·博伊斯·戴维斯教授（Professor Carole Boyce Davies）
美国康奈尔大学非洲学教授/英语文学教授
龚鹏程教授：您好。您正在撰写一本关于“非洲移民中的黑人女性和政治领导力”的书，此前于2018年您还发表了一篇关于米歇尔·奥巴马的论文。黑人女性政治领导人对美国乃至全球的非洲女性有怎样的影响？
卡罗拉·博伊斯·戴维斯教授：龚教授，您好。我的书名叫做《黑人妇女权利》（ Black Women's Rights）。Rowman和Littlefield出版社的Lexington Books亦将于9月出版《领导力与权力循环》（ Leadership and the Circularities of Power）（附封面）。我的主要论点是，如果我们想要真正谈论平等，我们不应该满足于让一到两名女性担任领导，而实际上需要50%的代表性。
对我来说，这是一个“权利”问题，因为妇女代表了世界的一半，因此，她们应该得到世界上一半的资源、代表权，并有权决定如何利用这些资源来建设一个更美好的世界。我们认识到，在如今男性占主导地位的世界中，往往有将资源浪费在战争和冲突上的趋势，而人类的基本需求没有得到满足，并且环境也在退化。
黑人女性作为政治领袖的影响力在于，她们让年轻一代看到，有可能真正领导并努力实现一个变革的世界。
我认为，在非洲和加勒比地区，女性更有可能获得领导权，那里有平等机会的运动，而在美国和欧洲，白人和男性的统治如此根深蒂固。我相信世界其他国家将从这一增长中受益。例如，古巴领导层中的女性比例已经达到52%。已有证据表明，21世纪将见证全球女性领导地位的上升。
My book titledBlack Women's Rights. Leadership and the Circularities of Power (cover attached) will be published in September by Lexington Books of Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. My main argument there is that we should not be satisfied with getting one or two women into leadership but actually need 50% representation if we want to actually talk about equality. For me it is a "rights" issue as women represent half the world by all assessments and as such are deserving of half the world's resources, representations and the access to the decisions about what to do with those resources for the benefit of a better world. We realize that in the contemporary male-dominated world, the tendency is usual to squander resources on wars and conflict while basic human needs are not fulfilled, and the environment is degraded. The impact that black women as political leaders have is that they allow younger generations to see that there is a possibility of actually leading and working towards a transformed world. I believe it will be more likely that women get to leadership in Africa and the Caribbean where there are movements to have equal access than in the United States and Europe where white and male domination is so entrenched. The rest of the world I believe will benefit from witnessing this increase. Cuba for example has already reached parity with 52% of women in leadership. The evidence is already available that the 21st century will witness the rise of women to leadership all over the world.
龚鹏程教授：您在研究非洲侨民方面作出了非常重要的学术贡献。您对美国的亚洲（尤其是中国）侨民研究有哪些建议？
卡罗拉·博伊斯·戴维斯教授：关于非洲侨民的工作一直以来都十分稳定，首先是积极分子的工作，他们实际上从1900年会议起就提出了泛非主义的逻辑；非洲和加勒比海地区的独立运动，20世纪中叶的人类学家实际上描述了这些分散在全世界各地的社区，以及20世纪80年代和90年代文学领域的智力工作。
我认为，所有这些对不同侨民的研究都是不可或缺的，因为它们伴随着不同地区的人们的运动。例如，随着加勒比海运动向欧洲和北美地区的转移，在多伦多、纽约、迈阿密、伦敦等主要城市举办了加勒比海嘉年华。
因此，我建议开展更多的项目，从艺术、文学、政治和各个领域研究这些移民；会议、出版物，以传播信息。
一些国家还建立了海外侨民的领导阶层，以便他们的社区能够在国内有代表。目前，这些社区的年轻学者正在研究和代表加勒比地区的中国和亚洲侨民。
The work on the African Diaspora has been steady, beginning with the work of activists who actually put forward the logic of a Pan-Africanism from the 1900 conference onwards; independence movements around the Africanand Caribbean word, anthropologists in the mid 20th century actually describing these dispersed communities across the world and intellectual work in the field of literature by the 1980's and 1990's. I think all of these studies of the various diaspora are inevitable as they accompany the movements of people in various locations. For example, with Caribbean movements to European and North American locations there have been Caribbean carnivals in major cities like Toronto, New York, Miami, London. So, I suggest more projects to study these diasporas in arts, in literature, politics and in all fields; conferences, publications, to circulate the information. Some countries also have created Diaspora leadership abroad so that their communities can be represented at home. The Chinese and Asian Diasporas in the Caribbean are being studied and represented now by young scholars from these communities.
龚鹏程教授：加勒比口头和书面文学的主要特点有哪些？加勒比文学史上的口头文学与书面文学有什么样的关联？
卡罗拉·博伊斯·戴维斯教授：加勒比海的口头文学遵循所谓民间故事的正常模式，但一旦研究，往往可以在叙事体裁和诗歌体裁、歌曲、押韵、诗歌等方面定型为神话、传说、故事、谚语、谜语。事实上，嘻哈音乐中流行的许多口语类型，与加勒比海地区的语言使用方式，以及非洲裔美国口语文学有着密切的关系，这些口语文学是非洲文学传统的前身。
口语与书面语有关，因为作家们经常表现出与口语传统的互文关系，就像加勒比文学中的德里克·沃尔科特（Derek Walcott）和卡莫·布拉特维特（Kamau Brathwaite）在他们的作品中以不同的方式所做的那样。
在穆塔布拉卡（Mutaburaka）等作家所称的配音诗中，可以看到拉斯塔法里传统（Rastafari traditions）中诗歌口头形式的影响，或是将这些形式作为灵感的影响。
马西娅·道格拉斯（Marcia Douglas）的小说《奇妙的恐惧方程式》（ The Marvelous Equations of the Dread）（2019）故意使用她所说的贯穿牙买加文学的“低音节奏”（bass rhythm）。马龙·詹姆斯（ Marlon James）在他的各种小说中也是如此。事实上，他们都表示，他们有意在作品中使用一些口头传统的叙事策略。
The oral literature of the Caribbean follows the normal patterns of what was called folktales but once studied can be identified as myths, legends, stories, proverbs, riddles in the narrative genres and in the poetic genres, songs, rhymes, poems, and so on. In fact, a lot of the spoken word genres that became popular in hip hop has a relationship to these ways of using language in Caribbean as well as African American oral literature with antecedents in African literary traditions. The oral is related to the written in that writers often demonstrate an intertextual relationship with the oral traditions as both Derek Walcott and Kamau Brathwaite in Caribbean literature do in their work in different ways. And in what is called dub poetry by writers like Mutaburaka, one can see the influence of oral forms of poetry in Rastafari traditions or that use those forms as inspiration. A novel like that of Marcia Douglas, The Marvelous Equations of the Dread (2019) deliberately uses what she calls the "bass rhythm" that runs through Jamaican literature. So too does Marlon James in his various novels. In fact, both of them say that they are deliberate of using some of the narrative strategies of the oral traditions in their works.
龚鹏程教授：非洲侨民与其他侨民之间的主要区别和相似之处是什么，比如在社会和政治生活中，或在文学世界中？
卡罗拉·博伊斯·戴维斯教授：非洲离散群体（African Diaspora）是指全球化下散居在世界各地的非洲人口，这种离散的存在形式是通过几个世纪非洲人口的迁移而逐渐行程的。整个过程伴随了人口层面变化，当今的经济和通信结构的形成，以及全球化意图和政治认同等方面，而不单单是全球化进程下经济压迫的产物。
非洲人散居（African diaspora）则是指非洲人通过自愿移民（前哥伦布时期的大西洋和印度洋贸易和探险旅行）的分散，强迫移民（印度洋跨大西洋和跨撒哈拉奴隶制度，在现代至少持续了四个世纪）和诱致移民（20世纪和21世纪由于世界经济不平衡导致非洲人民的分散）。因此，这导致非洲人民在一系列国际地区和地域被重新安置和重新定义。
与其他离散群体不同，非洲的离散群体与其他离散群体有各种层面的重叠，例如在加勒比海地区与亚洲离散群（印度和中国）的交融。此外，大部分非洲离散群体是被迫跨大西洋奴隶制下的移民，他们的家庭连续性受到了破坏，他们对于家族的了解也被切断。因此，对于许多非洲侨民来说，除了现在流行的DNA连接之外，几乎没有机会真正了解自己的家族血统，因为其他散居群体仍然可以了解他们家族和种族的历史。所有非洲和加勒比海作家在他们的作品中都以富有想象力的电影、诗歌和叙事形式探讨了这个问题。
The African Diaspora, which refers to the dispersal of African peoples all over the world, is identified here as an already-existing globalization of African peoples.Created through centuries of migrations, it precedes, at the level of the demographic, the current economic and communications structures now defined as globalization intent and political identity than the globalization created for economic oppression. The African diaspora then refers to the dispersal of Africans through voluntary migrations (pre-Columbian Atlantic and Indian Ocean trade and exploratory journeys), forced migrations (Indian Ocean transatlantic and trans-Saharan slavery over at least four centuries in the modern period) and induced migrations (the more recent 20th and 21st centuries dispersal of African peoples based on world economic imbalances). These have resulted, thereby, in the relocation and re-definition of African peoples in a range of international locations.
The difference with other diaspora is that one sees a variety of overlapping diaspora with other communities who have similarly migrated as with the Asian (Indian and Chinese) diaspora in the Caribbean.Additionally, the larger part of the African diaspora was constituted by forced migrations of transatlantic slavery which disrupted family continuities and knowledge of those connections deliberately. As such, for many in the African diaspora, there is little opportunity besides the now popular DNA connection to actually know one's family lineage as is still discoverable for other diasporas. All the African and Caribbean writers engage this issue at some point in their work imaginatively in film, poetry, narrative forms.

龚鹏程
龚鹏程，1956年生于台北，台湾师范大学博士，当代著名学者和思想家。著作已出版一百五十多本。
办有大学、出版社、杂志社、书院等，并规划城市建设、主题园区等多处。讲学于世界各地。并在北京、上海、杭州、台北、巴黎、日本、澳门等地举办过书法展。现为中国孔子博物馆名誉馆长、台湾国立东华大学终身荣誉教授、美国龚鹏程基金会主席。