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Introduction
海棠果(Malus asiatica Nakai)是我国内蒙古等西北地区季节性较强的特色水果,风味独特且营养丰富,但因不易贮藏造成大量腐烂和浪费。将海棠果干制是解决该问题的重要方法,而风味物质种类决定了果蔬干制品的最终风味和品质。
研究采用冷冻干燥(FD)、微波真空干燥(MVD)、微波冷冻干燥(MFD)、热风干燥(HAD)4 种方法对海棠果进行干燥,并采用顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)对海棠果中挥发性成分进行鉴定,采用主成分分析(PCA)和欧几里得距离对样品进行鉴别。
Results
不同干燥方式对海棠果样品中挥发性化合物的影响
由图1可知,干燥样品中挥发性成分含量由少至多依次为MFD、MVD、HAD和FD。
图1 不同干燥方法处理海棠果挥发性物质指纹图谱
化合物鉴定
结果表明,共检测到81 个峰,鉴定出70 种挥发性成分。
表1 不同干燥方法处理海棠果样品的GC-IMS分析
新鲜和干燥海棠果样品的聚类分析
由图2可知,采用FD和HAD处理的风味物质与新鲜海棠果更为接近,结果表明,利用FD和HAD处理的海棠果干具有更好的风味。
图2 鲜样和不同干燥方式获得海棠果干的PCA图
Conclusion
本研究鉴定了新鲜和经过不同干燥方式处理的海棠果样品,共检测到81 个信号峰。从挥发性成分的角度来看,干燥操作使新鲜海棠果中大部分挥发性成分减少或消失,且不同的干燥方式明显影响了海棠果的挥发性成分。其中,9 种挥发性成分因干燥而完全受损,25 种挥发性成分因干燥而严重受损。新鲜海棠果样品含有18 种挥发性成分,在新鲜样品、HAD和MVD样品中保留较好。新鲜样品和HAD样品中保留的挥发性成分相似。研究讨论了海棠果经MFD、MVD、HAD和FD处理后不同的挥发性成分,并为海棠果干燥中挥发性成分组成提供基础数据。此外,物理场对果蔬中挥发性成分的影响机制应是未来研究的重点。
第一作者
张乐道,工学博士,现为内蒙古科技大学食品科学与工程系副教授。主要研究方向为内蒙古特色果蔬干燥技术与理论研究;马铃薯、莜麦面等农产品的综合利用;农产品干燥质热传递研究;多孔介质传热传质。目前主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目1 项、内蒙古自治区人才项目1 项、内蒙古自治区基础科研基金1 项、河南省高等学校重点科研项目1 项。以第一作者或通信作者发表论文20余篇、授权发明专利1 项。
The volatile compounds changes of Malus asiatica Nakai under different drying methods
Ledao Zhang a, Shiying Cao a, Guangyue Ren b, Xu Duan b
aSchool of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
bCollege of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
Abstract
The volatile compounds variation of Malus asiatica Nakai under different drying methods is still blank now. In this paper, drying methods of freeze drying (FD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), microwave freeze drying (MFD), and hot air drying (HAD) were employed to dry fresh M. asiatica Nakai, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry was adopted to identify volatile compounds in M. asiatica Nakai, principal component analysis (PCA) and the Euclidean distance were used to distinguish the samples. Results showed that 81 peaks were detected, 70 volatile compounds were identified, drying makes obvious differences of volatile compounds in M. asiatica Nakai, and drying methods with microwave heating makes most of volatile compounds vanished. Compared to MFD and MVD, FD and HAD were more appropriate to be adopted to dry M. asiatica Nakai due to volatile compounds reserved more in FD and HAD. The results could provide a scientific data basis to help future dried M. asiatica Nakai production.
Reference:
ZHANG L D, CAO S Y, REN G Y, et al. The volatile compounds changes of Malus asiatica Nakai under different drying methods[J]. Journal of Future Foods, 2025, 5(3): 276-282. DOI:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2024.07.007.
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