赛博格cyborg是什么？

你看过电影《终结者2：审判日》吗？阿诺德·施瓦辛格饰演的T-1000自我介绍道：“I am a cybernetic organism living tissue over metal exoskeleton.”

又或许你看过Netflix2019年剧集《爱，死亡和机器人》中的《狩猎愉快》这一集。故事发生在一个全是机械的世界，一个叫“燕”的狐狸为了复仇求助于机械师“梁”，将自己改造成机械狐狸获得重生，向技术作恶的人发起了最原始的狩猎。

图片源于Netflix剧照

赛博格cyborg

“赛博格”这个概念是由曼德雷德·克莱恩斯和内森·克莱恩在对宇宙旅行的研究中首次提出，被刊登在1960年的《南极》杂志上。它是“控制论（cybernetics）”和“有机体（organism）”的简称，简单来说就是生物系统和机械系统的结合体。他们设想构建一种人机结合的系统，可以让人类适应太空环境。

-Theseautomatic, perhaps unconscious, self-regulationwas an important issue for Clynes and Kline. The mechanical or electrical aids in the human body should feel natural. It must beunconscious. Think about a body thatshivers when it is cold and sweats when the body is hot.

-Another important point is the focus onmachines, electronics and robots.Think of cloning, genetics or geneticmodification.

赛博格这个词的具体含义有两个，这些人体中的机械、电子辅助设备置入人身体内能够自然调节，例如在身体冷的时候会发抖，热的时候会出汗；另一个强调的是对机械、电子和机器的关注。

automatic

1.自动的；自动化的

automatic machine or device is able to operate independently of human control.

*automatic doors 自动门

2.无意识的，不自觉的；不假思索的，机械的

done without thinking about it

*Over time, driving just becomes automatic.时间长了，开车也就成了一个机械的过程。

3.必然随之发生的；自然而然的

certain to happen as part of the normal process or system

*Citizenship is automatic for children born in this country.婴儿出生在这个国家，就自然而然地成为这个国家的公民。

4.自动变速汽车，自动换档汽车

a vehicle in which you do not have to change the gears

*Kate drives an automatic.凯特开的是一辆自动档汽车。

unconscious

1.（尤指因头部受伤）昏迷的，不省人事的

in the state of not being awake, especially as the result of a head injury

*She was hit on the head by a stone and knocked unconscious.一块石头击中了她的头部，她昏了过去。

2.（想法或感情）无意识的，潜意识的

An unconscious thought or feeling is one that you do not know you have

shiver

1.（因受惊、寒冷或生病而出现的）颤栗；颤抖

the act of shaking slightly because you are frightened, cold, or ill

*I felt/gave a shiver as I looked out at the dark expanse of sea.看着外面漆黑无边的大海，我感到身上一阵颤抖。

2.（因寒冷、疾病或恐惧而）轻微颤抖，发抖

When people or animals shiver, they shake slightly because they feel cold, ill, or frightened.

*The poor dog - it's shivering!可怜的狗在发抖！

modification

改变，修改

a change to something, usually to improve it

*Modification of the engine to run on lead-free fuel is fairly simple.把引擎改装成可使用无铅汽油是相当简单的事。

赛博格电影

赛博格其实一直是作家、电视剧和电影制作者青睐的主题，涌现了许多经典作品。

#机械战警 RoboCop

In RoboCop (1987) by director Paul Verhoeven, the police in the violent city of Detroit areprivatized. Omni Consumer Products (OCP) wins that contract and develops a cyborg police officer: RoboCop.

Lead actor Alex Murphy (played by Peter Weller) is beaten up by criminals by aruseby OCP, making himself the perfect candidate to become RoboCop. He finds out about OCP’s deception and then turns against the company.

故事发生在犯罪猖獗的底特律，警官亚历克斯·墨菲遭犯罪团伙杀害，“全向消费品”公司利用他的脑部与机械结合创造了赛博格执法机器人。机械战警以残酷的手段打击犯罪，但又因为脑海中的记忆与人性左右为难。

#阿丽塔：战斗天使 Alita: Battle Angel

In the movie Alita: Battle Angel (2019), the protagonist (actress Rosa Salazar) is built from the garbage of a city in the sky. Physician Dr. Dyson Ido constructs and repairs cyborgs. He is the one who brings Alita back to life.

The movie features many fictional cyborg enhancements, such as hands withcircular sawsand deadly flexiblespears that shoot from a person’s shoulder. Yet the movie contains a deeper message. Thus, thedichotomyin this world is clearly visible; the immortal elite lives in a closed society miles above the Earth.

故事发生一场灾难性的星际战争后，戴森·伊德博士在一个庞大的废铁场发现了一个残缺的女机器人，他通过修复让阿莉塔重获生命。电影中虚拟赛博格呈现出了强大的功能，比如拿着圆锯的手，以及从人肩膀上射出的致命的灵活长矛。电影包含了更丰富的内容，自己是谁、分歧的世界、不死的精英……

privatize

使私有化

If a government privatizes an industry, company, or service that it owns and controls, it sells it so that it becomes privately owned and controlled.

*I bought shares in British Gas when it was privatized.我在英国煤气公司私营化时买了它的股票。

ruse

诡计；计策

a trick intended to deceive someone

*It was just a ruse to distract her while his partner took the money.这不过是一个转移她注意力的伎俩，这样他的同伙就可以把钱拿走。

circular saw

圆锯

an electric saw (= a tool for cutting hard materials) that has a circular blade, sometimes with sharp points along the edge

*Trim the posts to height with a circular saw.用圆锯把木桩锯到合适的高度。

spear

1.矛；枪；镖枪

a weapon consisting of a pole with a sharp, usually metal, point at one end, that is either thrown or held in the hand

2.嫩茎；幼芽

a thin pointed stem or leaf

3. 用矛刺；用镖枪扎

to push or throw a spear into an animal

*They catch the fish by spearing them.他们用鱼镖刺鱼。

dichotomy

一分为二，对立

a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things

*There is often a dichotomy between what politicians say and what they do.政治家的言行之间常有天壤之别

赛博格走进现实

#脑机接口系统

马斯克等人创立的Neuralink公司发布了一款脑机接口系统，致力于扩展人类的神经系统，通过脑机接口技术实现人机融合。植入的接口芯片可改善脑信号，治疗成瘾行为、强迫症、抑郁症、渐冻症等。

图片源于YouTube博主Neuralink

#人类赛博格

彼得·斯科特-摩根，他在确诊渐冻症后经过多次手术将自己改造成了世界上首个“人类赛博格”，他有着自然的表情、肢体动作和动人的声音，这些都是借由AI技术实现的。

图片源于YouTube博主Channel 4 Entertainment

#赛博格艺术

哈比森通过在头骨中植入天线，从声波震动感知可见和不可见的颜色，通过互联网链接接收来自太空、图像、视频、音乐或电话的颜色。他的艺术探索了身份、人类感知、视觉和声音之间的联系，以及通过新的感官输入来进行艺术表达。

图片源于cyborgarts官网

有关赛博格的争议

观点1：

赛博格可以让世界变得更加平等。

The American biologist, philosopher and sociologist Donna Haraway wrote the most famous paper about cyborgs. Her essay A Cyborg Manifesto was published in 1985. In this paper, she argues for the abolition of the rigid boundaries between humans and animals, organisms and machines, men and woman.

Haraway wrote the manifesto in response to other feminists and cultural critics who rejected computers and the Internet. She shared critical thinking about the capitalist, nationalist and military drivers in the development of these technologies, but saw that it could be used for other purposes afterwards. Thinks of liberation, development and self-expression through those fading boundaries (for example between human and technology).

唐娜·哈拉维在《赛博格宣言》中指出，作为混合主体的赛博格能够消除人与动物、有机体与机器、男人与女人之间的严格界限，将原本对立的人群放置在机器和生物体共生的同一身份之中，从而打破原有的父权、殖民主义、资本主义传统，达到解放、发展和自我表达。

观点2：

赛博格是人的延申。

Amber Case, as an anthropologist and designer, investigates the symbiotic interaction between humans and machines. She wrote the book An Illustrated Dictionary of Cyborg Anthropology. Previously we used tools such as a stick or a hammer as physical extensions. Through digital technology we created a expansion of our mental self. With the Internet, social media and mobile phones we have become cyborgs.

安珀·凯斯研究的是人类和机器之间的共生互动。她认为过去人类使用木棍、锤子等物理工具作为人类的延申，如今有了互联网、社交媒体和手机，我们已经变成了赛博格，创造了精神自我的扩张。

观点3：

赛博格可能会对人的主体性造成威胁。

当技术发展到人的原生器官和肢体被替换，甚至意识可以被上传，人的身体和意识的完整性就面临着威胁。就如“忒修斯之船”的故事：雅典国王忒修斯船上所有的木头都被其他木头替代，这艘船还是原来的船吗？同理，当人体的部分或全部器官组件都被机械替换，人还是原来的人吗？

或许有一天，有一个机会摆在你面前，你愿意改造自己获得超人的能力吗？

来源：peterjoosten、cyborgarts官网等，图片源于网络，如侵删

监制：李璨

编辑：张佳玲（实习）

校审：田江含

值班编委：刘煜

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