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夏日炎炎,蚊虫声又在耳边嗡鸣。近期,美国环境保护局批准了美国一昆虫技术公司Oxitec的灭蚊计划,这个计划准备到2024年释放出大约24亿只转基因蚊子。
On March 7, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted Oxitec's permit to release its genetically modified mosquitoes. According to the permit, Oxitec can release as many as two million genetically modified mosquitoes in Florida and California by 2024.
图源:美国环境保护局2022年3月7日文件截图
这些蚊子通过基因编辑技术被改造为“生物战士”。该公司声称它们能够杀死携带登革热、寨卡病毒和其他疾病的埃及伊蚊。
当地居民和环保团体强烈反对释放转基因蚊子 ,并在网上发起请愿,希望阻止该计划的实施。
据美国南佛罗里达地方电视台报道,佛罗里达群岛环境联盟执行董事巴里·雷(Barry Wray)称,没有足够的证据表明该技术是安全的。他说:“如果你看看他们的真实历史,他们过去的行为非常可疑。他们在很多地方释放转基因蚊子却没有告诉任何人,这本身是非常可恶的。”
Barry Wray, the executive director of the Florida Keys Environmental Coalition, said he doesn't believe there is enough evidence to prove that the technology is safe. "If you look at their actual history, they have a very dubious past where they released mosquitoes, genetically modified mosquitoes, without telling anybody in many places. That itself is very reprehensible," Wray says.
然而,自诩民主的美国政府却无视民众的反对,批准了该项目。
美国民众的担心有其历史根源。
历史上美国人曾经把昆虫当作生物武器。美国历史学家杰弗里·凯(Jeffrey Kaye)表示美国中央情报局近年来公布的文件表明了美国在朝鲜战争中曾使用生物武器。
As US historian Jeffrey Kay says, "we have above-preponderance evidence now showing the United States engaged in biological warfare campaign."
美国空军历史学家多萝西·米勒在1952年的一项研究显示,美国在1951年底,就已研究出针对谷类农作物的生物武器。 这份1978年被解密的绝密文件显示,1950年10月 ,“7种生物武器被判定可以使用”,到1951年底,“羽毛炸弹的研制……使对谷类农作物的即时打击能力成为可能”。
According to a 1952 study produced by US Air Force historian Dorothy Miller, by October 1950, "seven BW agents had been judged feasible for use". The study, a top secret document declassified with some deletion in 1978, also noted that near the end of 1951, "the development of feather bombs… made possible an immediate capability against cereal crops".
美国曾多次对毫不知情的民众做过生物武器实验。据华尔街日报报道,1950年,美国军方曾经在旧金山市喷洒细菌,模拟生物攻击。无数居民无故感染病毒,只为验证军方的推论。军方一直对生物武器试验保密,直到1970年代才被公开。
The Wall Street Journal once reported that the US Army staged a mock biological attack on San Francisco in 1950, secretly spraying the city with Serratia and other agents thought to be harmless, aiming to see what might happen in a real germ-warfare attack. This was just the start of many such tests around the country that would go on in secret for years.
美国释放大量转基因蚊子,到底是为了杀蚊子,还是在做秘密实验?
民众的恐慌并非空穴来风,美国国防部正秘密研究的项目之一就是改造昆虫。
据媒体报道,美国国防高级研究计划局(US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA)是世界上最大的基因驱动研究资助者。它是美国国防部下属科研机构,专门负责研发用于军事用途的高新科技。如今正在开展一项名为“昆虫联盟”的项目。
他们宣称开展这个计划的目的是“寻求可延伸的、易于部署和推广的对策,以应对对美国食品供应造成潜在威胁的自然和生物工程因素,以保护美国的农作物系统”。
DARPA has initiated a project called the Insect Allies. It is claimed that the Insect Allies program pursues scalable, readily deployable and generalizable countermeasures by creating virus-carrying insects with the goal of preserving the crop system.
尽管美国国防高级研究计划局长期以来一直声称该计划只是防御性的,但却引起了科学家们的担忧。
国际知名期刊《科学》发文称该计划可能是一个生物武器计划。该计划被广泛认为是开发用于敌对目的的生物制剂及其传播媒介的一种努力,一旦确认,这将违反《生物武器公约》。
In a paper published in the well-known journal Science, the authors say that "as a result, the program may be widely perceived as an effort to develop biological agents for hostile purposes and their means of delivery, which — if true — would constitute a breach of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)."
该论文的合作者、德国生物学家盖伊·里夫斯表示这项技术作为杀死植物的武器比作为农业工具更可行。
Guy Reeves, a co-author of the Science paper and a biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany, says the technology is more feasible as a weapon — to kill plants — than as an agricultural tool.
弗莱堡大学国际法教授沃内基表示利用昆虫作为传播疾病的媒介是一种经典的生物武器。
Silja Voeneky, a legal scholar at the University of Freiburg, points out that "to use insects as a vector to spread diseases is a classical bioweapon".
“昆虫联盟”项目经理布莱克·贝克斯廷也曾承认,“昆虫联盟”涉及可能具有“双重用途”的新技术,理论上这些技术可用于防御或进攻目的。
Blake Bexstine, the project manager of Insect Allies, has also acknowledged that Insect Allies involves new technologies that potentially could be "dual-use" — deployed, in theory, for defensive or offensive purposes.
面对国际社会的质疑,美国是如何做的呢?据媒体报道,“昆虫联盟”计划已向4所研究机构提供资助,研究并没有停止。
再看Oxitec公司旗下的其他业务,它们已经在巴西的一个玉米种植区释放了转基因昆虫。这与“昆虫联盟”项目极其相似。
在俄乌冲突的背景下,全球的粮食安全问题不容忽视,世界各国都面临粮食安全的风险。
俄方对美国在乌克兰建立生物实验室的调查也引起了人们的恐慌,虽然美国签署了《禁止生物武器公约》,但是美国一方面在全球开展大量不透明、不安全、不合法的生物军事活动,另一方面独家阻挠建立生物武器核查机制。
美国的转基因蚊子,是为了保护人类,还是为了生物武器实验?美国研究可携带致命病毒的昆虫,是为了保护作物还是毁灭粮食?
这让人想起了美国前国务卿基辛格曾说的话:“谁掌握粮食,谁就控制了全人类。”
As elite establishment political figure, US former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger remarked in 1970, "control food and you control the people."
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