梅雨季来了,南方的朋友们大概在面临一个无比痛苦的事情:连续几天甚至几个星期都看不见太阳,洗完的衣服只能阴干。
阴干的衣服,不仅潮乎乎地穿着难受,更无奈的是,总是有一股像是发霉的臭味。
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为什么阴干的衣服那么臭?怎么做才能除掉这种臭味呢?今天就来详细说说。
The rainy season has arrived, and for those in southern China, that means days or even weeks without sun. Laundry has to be dried indoors. But clothes dried this way often feel uncomfortable and develop a stubborn musty smell. Why?
阴干的衣服为什么会发臭
衣服长期处在潮湿状态下,就给真菌、细菌等微生物提供了生存和快速繁殖的基础。
这时只要有一点“养料”,比如残留在衣服上的皮脂皮屑,真菌、细菌等微生物就能大量繁殖,从而产生臭味。
When clothes stay damp for too long, they become a breeding ground for fungi and bacteria. Add a little "food" — like leftover skin oils and dead skin cells on the fabric — and these microbes multiply quickly, producing that unpleasant odor.
很多人可能会疑问:衣服已经洗过了,怎么还会有皮脂皮屑,难道是没洗干净吗?
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是的,我们每次洗衣服,即便已经认真浸泡清洗了,即便洗涤了很长时间,用了清洁能力很好的洗衣液,依然不可能完全去除衣服上的残留物,包括皮脂和微生物。
No matter how carefully you wash — even with long soaks and strong detergents — you can never completely remove all residues, including sebum and microbes.
有研究发现,各种微生物在纺织品表面和缝隙等环境中粘附、生长和分泌细胞外基质,形成生物膜。定期清洗虽然能保持卫生,却不能去除已经形成生物膜的微生物。
Studies show that microbes can adhere to fabric surfaces and crevices, grow, and secrete extracellular matrices to form biofilms. Regular washing helps with hygiene, but it doesn't remove microbes that have already built these biofilms.
而且看起来再光滑平整的纺织品,放大几百倍后,都是由一定数量的纤维按照一定的织造工艺而组成的。越是纹理粗糙且扭曲的纤维,越容易藏污纳垢,越容易洗不干净,越容易有微生物和皮脂残留。
Even the smoothest-looking fabric, when magnified, is made of fibers woven together. The rougher and more twisted the fibers, the harder they are to clean — and the more likely they are to retain microbes and sebum.
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不同纤维的扫描电子显微镜显微照片,依次为:粗羊毛、细羊毛、丝绸、亚麻、棉花、聚酯纤维。
从不同衣服材质放大的表面结构,我们就能明显看出,天然纤维更不容易洗干净,比如羊毛、丝绸、棉花。
另外,一般来说天然纤维的吸湿性比化学纤维高,在一定湿度下,天然纤维更容易给细菌提供一个合适的潮湿环境。即使是天然纤维,在平时干燥、有太阳的日子里,衣服洗完,只要及时晾干,即使稍微残留一些微生物、皮脂也不会有什么影响。
Magnified images of different fabrics show that natural fibers like wool, silk, and cotton are harder to clean thoroughly. They also absorb more moisture than synthetic fibers, making them more likely to create a damp environment that bacteria love.
但在潮湿的环境下,情况就变得不一样了。湿润的环境 + 残留的营养物“皮脂” + 适宜的温度,简直是各种细菌、真菌等微生物的乐园。它们吃喝不愁,大量繁殖,还产生不可言喻的“臭”气。
The combination of moisture, sebum and warm temperatures becomes a paradise for microbes. They feast, metabolize, and produce that indescribable stench.
尤其是一种叫“奥斯陆莫拉菌”的细菌,和其他常见的细菌不同,它是一种好氧菌,并且具有较好的耐干燥、耐紫外特性。
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如果能时不时见到阳光,像大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌这类细菌能被杀死,但奥斯陆莫拉菌却依然能好好活着。等衣服好不容易终于阴干了,织物的湿度降低,大多数细菌和霉菌已经停止生长,但是奥斯陆莫拉菌仍然能够活跃地蹦跶。
更无奈的是,这种细菌还能代谢出很多令人不悦的物质,尤其是其中的一些不饱和脂肪酸,更是臭味的主要来源。这也是阴干的衣服为什么会有难以名状的臭味,并且久久难以散去。
Even worse, it metabolizes into several unpleasant compounds — particularly certain unsaturated fatty acids that are the main source of that musty smell. That's why the odor lingers and is so hard to get rid of.
两种方法有效去除衣物臭味
如何能消除这种臭味呢?有两种方法可靠且可行。
① 烘干
高温烘干可以有效地杀灭细菌,也能一定程度上杀灭真菌,同时烘干还可以大幅缩短衣服变干的时间,能有效去除因微生物导致的臭味。
Use a dryer. High heat effectively kills bacteria and, to some extent, fungi. It also drastically reduces drying time, which helps eliminate microbial odors.
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② 洗衣时使用长效抑菌剂
对洗衣服而言,杀菌固然重要,等到衣服洗完之后,抑制细菌在很长时间里难以繁殖更为重要。
常规的洗涤用品只具有去污渍的能力,往往需要另配杀菌剂进行消毒杀菌,但是并不能做到长期抑菌。
Use a long-acting antibacterial agent when washing. While killing bacteria is important, what matters even more is keeping them from multiplying again after the wash. Regular detergents remove dirt but don't provide lasting antibacterial protection.
应对衣服阴干的臭味,也可以找到专门的长效抑菌型洗涤剂,这样即便衣服阴干,也不容易产生臭味。
To tackle the smell of indoor-dried clothes, look for detergents specifically designed with long-lasting antimicrobial properties.
来源 :新华社 科普中国
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