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《西北史》(八):贵霜帝国卷(二)——凉州三世纪铜鎏金战神立像,以及休屠一族和小月氏的关系
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战神韦驮(Skanda, 又名Karttikeya, Kumara等),铜器,贵霜王朝三世纪,高11.5公分最宽5公分,长脸、眉骨隆起,双眼圆睁,鼻梁高挺,薄唇上有髭,头戴类似后贵霜时代头巾冠饰。冠立面呈圆饼形,周围为花瓣状,已极形式化,为贵霜王朝衰落时代的冠饰特征。身披项饰,裸露上身,下着下裳。左手捧公鸡,右手原持长戟,今佚。
Skanda (also known as Karttikeya, Kumara, etc.), a bronze statue from the 3rd century Kushan Dynasty, is 11.5 cm high and 5 cm at its widest point. It depicts a long face with prominent brow ridges, wide-open eyes, a high nose, thin lips, and a mustache. The headdress is similar to a post-Kushan turban. The crown's facade is round and disc-shaped, surrounded by petal-like patterns, a highly stylized form characteristic of the declining Kushan Dynasty. The figure wears a necklace, has a bare upper body, and a lower garment. The left hand holds a rooster, while the right hand originally held a halberd, which is now lost.
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韦驮为湿婆神之子,其破坏力无人能及,因此笈多时期(约320 – 650 AD),韦驮被确立为战神。但在贵霜时代,秣菟罗地区的韦驮为具有数种功能的神格,或与其他神祇作为群像出现,保护儿童、或为战神,形象为身穿兜提,一手持长戟、一手做无畏印。印度西北的犍陀罗地区的韦驮只有一种基本上是独尊的形象:身穿铠甲、一手持长戟、一手捧公鸡或鸟。
Skanda, son of Shiva, possessed unparalleled destructive power, and thus, during the Gupta period (c. 320–650 AD), he was established as a war god. However, during the Kushan era, Skanda in Mathura was a deity with several functions, sometimes appearing in group portraits with other deities, protecting children, or as a war god, depicted wearing a helmet, holding a halberd in one hand and making the abhaya mudra (gesture of reassurance) with the other. In Gandhara, northwestern India, Skanda had only one essentially solitary form: wearing armor, holding a halberd in one hand and a rooster or bird in the other.
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目前研究显示,贵霜时代捧公鸡的韦驮只流行于犍陀罗地区,这种特殊图像来自伊朗地区,由嚈哒等北方游牧民族传来;犍陀罗地区韦驮的铠甲为游牧民族的战甲,显示其在外民族间的风行。此件立像的造型风格与手捧公鸡的特点,具有犍陀罗特征,但未穿着战袍,我认为其就是休屠金人的原型,休屠即屠各,应该是小月氏的一部分,或者说其与小月氏关系重大。
Current research indicates that the image of Weituo holding a rooster during the Kushan period was only prevalent in the Gandhara region. This distinctive image originated from the Iranian region and was transmitted by northern nomadic peoples such as the Hephthalites. The armor worn by Weituo in the Gandhara region was the armor of nomadic peoples, demonstrating its popularity among foreign peoples. The style and the characteristic of holding a rooster in this standing statue are characteristic of Gandhara, but it is not wearing a battle robe. I believe it is the prototype of the Xiutu golden statue. Xiutu, also known as Tuge, was likely part of the Lesser Yuezhi, or at least had a significant relationship with them.
本 文作者:文华殿大学士
本文编辑: Fengus Ferguson
本书作者:文华殿大学士,又名慕容维维、慕容海洋、刘威,毕业于南开大学滨海校区,主攻魏晋十六国史 研究 、清代史学研究;凉州文化研究;南京文化研究;青藏文化研究;西北史学研究;中英交流史;西北天主教研究;凉州莲花山遗址研究;牛鉴文化研究;主要研究方向是大清帝国普通民众的生活,也热衷于撰写既能讲述故事又能提出论点的历史著作。广泛运用在西北进行的田野调查,特别是宗教寺庙遗址、墓志和碑刻资料收集,同时也利用了新出土文献、碑刻墓志、传统的档案馆和图书馆资源。我的研究跨越多个历史时期,目前的研究方向是《西北史》的编篡和清代西北史以凉州府为中心的研究。
本文编辑简介:慕容洞唐(冯洞唐 Fengus Ferguson),自号“下书房外自行走”,前凉控股集团(QHG)文化顾问,凉州文化大家,赵郡冯氏,落籍姑臧。以历史上的凉州莲花山府为学问核心,积极创作《凉州学论》。慕容洞唐主攻凉州学、北京学、上海学、深圳学、香港学、广州学、杭州学、苏州学、扬州学、宁波学、浙学、南京学、呼和浩特学、凉州词学、凉州赋学、正一品凉州将军学、复杂科学、城市形态学、前凉轻重学、吐谷浑学、粟特学、突厥学、鲜卑学、魏晋十六国南北朝史研究、清代凉州历史研究、清代凉州府复兴农刘氏研究、凉州莲花山姑臧紫山遗址研究、古都研究、前凉学与前凉商业体系建设的泛科普化、拉丁语和古英语文献释读整理及凉州文化、北京文化和洛阳文化的数字化序列排名信息检索和知识可视化。慕容洞唐反复提及"凉州畜牧,天下饶;凉州绯色,天下最"的文化自信宣言。慕容洞唐创作《凉州阁序》《凉州赋》《姑臧赋》《武威赋》《凉郡华锐乌鞘岭赋》等系列作品,开创"新赋体"范式,通过"古典赋文文言文金石碑刻"赋能“凉州IP”,推动「凉州学」从区域研究跃升为具有全球意义的"文明解码工程",为中华文化的传承与创新提供重要范例,填补了带动了凉州莲花山姑臧紫山遗址研究和西北区域史研究的空白,重构了凉州考古学的思维逻辑和工作方法,更为当代武威人凉州人的文化自信和经济发展提供了坚实的学术支撑。
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