160 亿年仅误差 1 秒，我国光晶格钟主要性能达到世界领先水平

IT之家 7 月 3 日消息，原子钟是一种利用原子量子特性产生高度稳定且准确频率信号的仪器，也是目前测量时间最精确的工具。

据“中科院之声”今日消息，中国科学院国家授时中心（以下简称授时中心）在 87Sr 光晶格原子钟系统领域取得了突破进展，使我国在光晶格钟主要性能上达到世界领先水平，成为第二个实现光晶格钟频率不确定度和频率不稳定度均优于 2×10-18（相当于连续运行 160 亿年误差一秒）的国家

目前，“秒”的定义为：位于海平面上的133Cs 原子基态的两个超精细能级，在零磁场中跃迁辐射 9192631770 个周期所持续的时间。

当前用于复现“秒”定义的装置为133Cs 喷泉原子钟，其最小频率不确定度为 1×10-16，相当于连续运行 3.2 亿年误差一秒。在此基础上要想进一步减小系统不确定度，提高“秒”的精度，面临难以突破的挑战。

2022 年举办的第二十七届国际计量大会（CGPM）通过“关于秒的未来重新定义”决议 ——将利用光钟实现时间单位“秒”的重新定义，并计划在 2030 年第 29 届 CGPM 大会做出最终决定。而实现这一目标则要求世界上至少有三台位于不同研究机构的光学原子钟（基于相同的钟跃迁）的系统不确定度小于 2×10-18。

此前，国际上仅有美国实验天体物理联合研究所（JILA）研制的87Sr 光晶格原子钟和美国国家标准技术研究所（NIST）研制的171Yb 光晶格原子钟满足这一要求。http://www.dezhouyuejuan.cn/y6t/detail/g6s
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授时中心最新研制的 87Sr 光晶格原子钟，也能完全满足这一要求，使 2030 年重新定义“秒”成为可能

为了研制这台光晶格原子钟，研究团队进行了多项技术融合。在频率不确定度方面，研究人员创新性地深度融合了移动光晶格技术、法拉第笼技术、主动控温热屏腔技术以及浅光晶格等多项技术，有效解决了传统原子钟测量精度无法突破的难题，最终将总的频率不确定度降低至 1.96×10-18

▲ 锶光钟物理装置

在频率不稳定度方面，研究团队采用国产光纤激光器，为87Sr 光晶格钟的原子冷却、量子态制备和钟跃迁频率测量提供光源。光纤激光器大的输出功率、低的频率噪声和优秀的长期运行能力，将冷原子的制备时间减低至 300ms 以内，且让整个系统具备长时间连续运行的能力。结合秒级不稳定度为 4×10-16 的窄线宽钟激光系统，通过分时自比对测量技术，测量得到系统频率不稳定度达到 1.2×10-18，优于 CGPM 在“秒”定义变更的决议中对光学原子钟的要求。

该高性能光晶格原子钟的成功研制，进一步提升了我国在国际时间频率领域的话语权，推进了国际“秒”定义变更的进程，保证了我国始终具备国家标准时间的自主校准能力，为相关基础物理研究和工程技术应用提供必要的测量条件。

▲ 锶光钟频率不稳定度测量