闽南古厝传达的文化内涵 | SOUTHERN FUJIAN ANCIENT HOUSE

梁思成曾言：“中国的传统建筑，是从世世代代的劳动人民在长期建筑活动的实践中提炼出来的，经过千余年的考验，受到承认遵守的规则，是整个民族和地方的物质和精神条件下的产物”。

Liang Sicheng once said: "China's traditional architecture, extracted from the practice of long-term construction activities of generations of working people, has passed the test of thousands of years, and has been recognized and observed by the rules, is the product of the material and spiritual conditions of the whole nation and place."

闽南古厝是指在闽南一带的传统民居，在闽南语里，“厝”是房子，红砖厝就是用红砖盖的房子，也是闽南最有代表意义的传统建筑。闽南大地上数百座红砖厝建筑，浓缩了闽南人对生活的美好祈愿，也酝酿了红砖厝丰富多彩的建筑表达，形成了红砖文化深沉而独特的底蕴。

Southern Fujian ancient house refers to the traditional folk houses in southern Fujian. In southern Fujian language, "house" is a house, and red brick house is a house built with red brick, which is also the most representative traditional architecture in southern Fujian. The hundreds of red brick houses on the land of southern Fujian have concentrated the people's wish for a better life, and also brewed the colorful architectural expression of red brick houses, forming a deep and unique heritage of red brick culture.

一、建筑形式

ARCHITECTURALFORM

闽南古厝建筑以三进式五开间的布局为主，前埕后厝且坐北朝南，时常营建富有层次的燕尾脊和弧形马背脊，屋顶多选用悬山式与硬山式，搭配风水相宜的山墙山花，红砖白石以及牡蛎墙面，在呈现形式多样性的同时，且保留了精湛高超的工艺水平。

The ancient house buildings in southern Fujian are mainly composed of three-step and five-room layout, with the front and back houses facing north and south, often building rich layers of dovetail ridge and curved horse ridge. The roofs mostly choosehanging mountain type and hard mountain type, with the gable flower, red brick and white stone and oyster wall suitable for feng shui. While presenting the diversity of forms, they retain the exquisite and superb technical level.

闽南传统古厝建筑题材多以象征手法进行表达，遵循自古流传的传统象征思维，发挥实用功能的同时满足屋主的审美需要，深谙平安顺意、祈福纳吉的象征意蕴，进而促进经济发展和永固家族。早在原始时期圆为圆润和谐，代表着从始至终、循环反复，意为阖家欢乐，象征着天衣无缝、自然圆满，人们研究象征的含义从古至今，因而时代的演变注入新的涵义，由此形成“造化之为”现象。

The traditional ancient house building themes in southern Fujian are mostly expressed by symbolic means, following the traditional symbolic thinking spread from ancient times, fulfilling the aesthetic needs of the house owners while playing practical functions, and understanding the symbolic meaning of peace and prosperity and praying for naji, so as to promote economic development and permanent family. As early as in the primitive period, the circle was round and harmonious, representing the beginning to the end, the cycle, meaning the whole family is happy, symbolizing the seamless and natural perfection, people studied the meaning of symbols from ancient times to now, and thus injected new meanings into the evolution of The Times, thus forming the phenomenon of "nature is".

闽南传统古厝建筑装饰服从家族精神伦理观念，具有系列性的组合设计，从而达到建筑空间整体统一。强调居住空间的高度艺术美感，因此所设计的装饰基本类型适应于各种平面布局及环境需要。装饰重点分布于外檐（屋脊、山墙、山花）、屋身（大门、牌楼面、漏明墙、镜面墙、凹寿）、内檐（柱子、梁枋、裙堵、瓜筒、斗栱）、石基、门窗阻断、室内家具以及庭院装饰等。

The traditional ancient house architectural decoration in southern Fujian is subject to the family spirit and ethics, and has a series of combination design, so as to achieve the overall unity of architectural space. Emphasizing the high artistic beauty of the living space, the basic types of decoration designed are adapted to various layout and environmental needs. The decoration focus is distributed in the outer eaves (ridge, gable wall, mountain flower), house body (gate, brand floor, leakage wall, mirror wall, concave longevity), inner eaves (pillars, beams, fangs, skirt block, gourd tube, dougong), stone foundation, door and window blocking, interior furniture and courtyard decoration.

闽南古厝建筑装饰构件排布主次清晰、功能划分明确，通过装饰进行空间的界定，制造视觉中心点明建筑主旋律，装饰的材料技法、主题内容、色彩形态共同构成整体的建筑体系，从而体现地域性建筑特色。

The arrangement of decorative components of ancient houses in southern Fujian is clear and their functions are clearly divided. Through decoration, space is defined to make the visual center point of the main theme of the building. Decorative materials and techniques, theme content and color form together constitute the overall architectural system, thus reflecting regional architectural characteristics.

二、精神传达

SPIRITUALCOMUNCATION

闽南传统古厝装饰以建筑功能需求为基础，从实用功能角度出发加以艺术修饰，使建筑形式本身达到满足受众审美的目的，因此在装饰构件的设计上实用性与美观性的均衡思量尤为显现。

The traditional ancient house decoration in southern Fujian is based on the functional needs of buildings and is artistically modified from the perspective of practical functions, so that the architectural form itself can meet the aesthetic goal of the audience. Therefore, the balanced consideration of practicality and aesthetics in the design of decorative components is particularly apparent.

闽南文化传承于中原文化，儒家文化为基础理学，而祭祖传统则是儒学的重要内容。闽南先祖经历乔迁动乱、开荒耕地，因此寻得一片净土定居之时，必当饮水思源感恩天地庇护，祭祖意识油然而生，人们根据同宗同族血缘关系聚落而居，抵御外族侵犯干扰，获得生存的空间和发展的机会。

The culture of southern Fujian is inherited from the culture of Central Plains, Confucianism is the foundation of Neo-Confucianism, and the tradition of ancestor worship is an important content of Confucianism. The ancestors in southern Fujian experienced the disturbance of relocation and cultivated land, so when they found a pure land to settle down, they must be grateful for the shelter of heaven and earth when drinking water, and the consciousness of ancestor worship arises spontaneously. People live together according to the same clan and clan kinship, resist the encroachment and interference of foreign ethnic groups, and obtain the space for survival and the opportunity for development.