与时间赛跑！中国救援队平安归来，背后的细节有这些

2月17日，随着一架来自土耳其的飞机降落在北京首都机场，中国救援队安全回到国内。他们在土耳其度过了10个日夜，与各国救援队一起，为挽救生命与时间赛跑。

On Feb 17, a Chinese rescue team returned from Turkiye at Beijing Capital International Airport, after an intense rescue operation following the devastating earthquake that hit the region on February 6. They spent ten days and nights working with rescue teams from various countries, racing against time to save lives.

2月17日，赴土耳其开展地震救援的中国救援队和中国香港特区救援队抵达北京。图源：新华社

双语君采访到其中一位名叫王涛的队员。王涛目前担任中国地震局工程力学研究所副所长、研究员，此次作为建筑结构安全专家奔赴土耳其，用他的专业知识拯救废墟下的生命，也保护救援队员的安全。

Wang Tao is the deputy director and researcher of the Institute of Engineering Mechanics (IEM), China Earthquake Administration (CEA). Wang joined the rescue team to Turkiye as an expert in structural safety which was instrumental in understanding how to save lives underneath dangerous ruins as well as keeping the rescue team safe from harm in the process.

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“黄金72小时”过后，救援意义大吗？

问：王教授您好。地震救援有个“黄金72小时”的说法，但我们注意到中国救援队在前方一直坚持到地震后第10天，请问黄金时间过去后救援的意义大吗？

答：意义很大。发现幸存者的希望永远是有的，就在18日当天，地震后296小时，还有3名居民获救。对我们救援队来说，“永远不要放弃”是一句实打实的口号，只要人在现场，只要现场有潜在的生命迹象，我们就永远不能放弃。

It means a lot. There is always hope of finding survivors. On Feb 18, 296 hours after the earthquake, three residents were rescued. So “never give up” is the rescue team’s mantra. As long as there are people or potential signs of life on the scene, we will never give up.

土耳其时间2月12日下午，中国救援队经4个多小时与土方合作营救出一名50多岁男性幸存者。图源：新华社

但是地震后时间久了，就会进入一个比较困难的阶段。地震后救援队首先要搜索废墟表层，随着表层搜救基本结束，我们要进行更深层的搜救，这可能要动用大型机械，但大型机械和人员的保护可能存在矛盾。一方面，大型机械的震动可能会引起废墟坍塌，甚至在挖掘时对深层废墟的受力情况可能会造成改变，这种情况下在深层掩埋的人员就可能会受到伤害；如果不用大型机械，那效率又很低，人工短期内无法完成这么大的工作量，掩埋时间越久、被掩埋人员生存的希望就越渺茫。所以怎么科学地用大型机械，还需要进一步探索。

Initially, the rescue team could work quickly on surface-level searches but soon came into difficulty when deeper searches were required. Deeper searches needed large machinery to move the rubble. Protection of life is much more complex at this stage because without the machinery, people trapped at deeper levels are at greater risk of not being found in time, yet the vibrations from the machinery may cause significant structural damage and cause even more loss of life. Therefore, how to use large machinery scientifically still needs further exploration.

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当地群众对救援队态度如何？

问：土耳其当地群众对救援队态度怎样？

答：当地的人民群众对中国救援队态度非常友好，也提供了很多帮助与支持。比如在往外抬人的时候，他们主动在旁边列成队伍，来协助把人员抬出去；在我们工作时，他们也时不时给我们递一些水和食物等等，甚至在路上见到我们也会主动打招呼并致谢。

The local people were very friendly towards the Chinese rescue team and offered a lot of help and support. For example, when we were moving people out of the ruins, they took the initiative to line up nearby to help; when we were working, they also voluntarily gave us some water and food, and even when they saw us on the road, they would say “hello” and “thank you” as we passed.

2月9日，中国救援队与土耳其救援队转移一名女性幸存者。图源：新华社

这种感谢是真心实意的，与此同时我们的救援队员也是在拼命地干。我是结构安全专家，中国救援队中还有一些消防人员要进废墟里救人，可能里边空间非常狭小，器械操作空间也非常狭小，往往只能用手刨。而且大家也经常通宵通宵地干活，只要听说下头有人，干活的劲头都非常足，就是咬牙拼命也得把下边的人救出来。这种精神让我真的挺感动，整个中国救援队的精神面貌是很好的。

This kind of gratitude is sincere. At the same time, our rescue team was working really hard. I am an expert in structural safety. Some firefighters in the Chinese rescue team had to go into the ruins to rescue people. The space inside may be very small, as well as the space for operating equipment. As a result, they could only claw at the ruins by hand. We often worked all night. Every time we heard that there were people buried below, we were full of grit and determination to try our best to save people. This kind of spirit really moved me. The spirit of the entire Chinese rescue team is very encouraging.

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余震中救援队员的安全有保证吗？

问：这次地震后发生了余震，救援队员的安全有保证吗？

答：在地震救援中，我们经常碰到余震。有一次晚上大概九、十点钟左右，我们在一个废墟里搜救，因为那个废墟的结构并不稳定，我们就提前做了很多支护方案，把它支护好，结果还真碰上余震了，站在地面上震感依旧很强。所幸整个废墟没有二次坍塌，操作空间还都是存在的，我们也都安全。在安全性方面，我们一方面做支护，另一方面设置观察员在旁边看着，好保证搜救人员的安全。

During the rescue, we often encountered aftershocks. Once, at around nine or ten o’clock in the evening, we were working in a ruin. Because the structure was not stable, we made a lot of supporting plans in advance to protect it. Later we happened to experience aftershocks. The tremor was quite forceful. Fortunately, the entire ruins did not collapse within the operating space. We were all safe. In terms of safety, we took the supporting measures to protect the ruins. Meanwhile, there were observers to watch aside so as to ensure the safety of the team.

土耳其时间2月11日晚，中国救援队队员在现场搜救。图源：新华社

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土耳其房屋结构的特点如何？

问：土耳其房屋结构有什么特点吗？在这次地震中起到什么效果？

答：土耳其当地人还是有一定抗震意识的，他们的房子是混凝土、里面也都有钢筋，该配置的也都配置了，但是我依然发现它有几方面问题。第一，在选材方面，一些比较老的房子混凝土的质量和钢筋的构型不是很合适，比如钢筋混凝土柱子一般要有箍筋，箍筋配置间距对抗倒塌性能是很重要的一个方面，但是土耳其房子梁柱的箍筋间距过大，箍筋起不到应有的约束作用，抗震性能就就下降很多。

Local people in Turkiye are aware of earthquake resistance measures. Their houses are made of concrete with steel bars inside. First, in terms of material selection, the quality of concrete and the structural types of steel bars of some rather old houses are insufficient. For example, reinforced concrete columns generally have stirrups. The stirrup spacing is an important aspect of seismic capacity. But in Turkiye, the stirrup spacing of the beams and columns is too large, so the stirrups will not effectively play a binding role, thereby decreasing the seismic capacity for turbulence.

2月12日，中国救援队队员在安塔基亚市一处废墟开展救援工作。图源：新华社

第二，他们的房子经常采用板柱形式，不是我们常见的正方形柱子，而是接近于墙。这种构型的好处是抗侧的能力比较高，而且没有突出来的这个部分，跟建筑比较容易协调。但是如果它布置的方向不合理的话，很容易形成一个方向强、另外一个方向弱的特点；即使两个方向都比较均衡，但在地震水平作用下，比较刚的柱子可能受力更大先破坏，剩下比较柔的柱子也承担不了上部载荷，也就容易倒塌。

Second, it’s common for houses in this region to adopt a plate-column structure which is close to the wall, rather than the common square column. The advantage is that it has a relatively high lateral resistance capacity. Architectural elements that do not protrude are easier to incorporate into the building. However, if it is arranged in a precarious position, it is easy to make one part of the building strong while the other weak. Even if the house is balanced in its design, due to the effect of horizontal movement caused by earthquakes, the more rigid columns may be damaged first under major pressure, and the remaining ones cannot bear the load of the upper structure, and therefore collapse is more probable.

2月14日，中国救援队与中国香港特区救援队联合编组在安塔基亚市开展救援工作。图源：新华社

另外我们发现，安塔基亚市重灾区基本上都是沿河两岸，有很多建筑倒塌，我想他们的基础处理可能有问题，因为河岸旁往往是软弱的土，在这上头建房子，从桩基到地下的基础构型选择都是非常非常重要的。我估计，他们这方面考虑的比较少。

In addition, we found that the hardest-hit areas in Antakya were basically along the banks of the river and many buildings collapsed. I think there may be something wrong with the foundation of the buildings. The soil of river banks is often soft. The choice of the structural form of the pile foundation and the underground is especially important. I guess this was not factored in when construction began.

记者：张周项 李金昳

实习生：王雨凡