今天是小芳老师陪你精读外刊的第78天
难度指数6级(共8级)
文章来源:经济学人
前期回顾:
同期回顾:
第一步:泛读原文(盲听1遍,泛读1遍,对照文本听1遍)
There is another reason so many languages might have an m-sound in “mother”. Linguists generally argue for “thearbitrarinessof the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furryquadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow or Spanish’s guau-guau) vaguely resemble the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way.
第二步:精读原文(精读1遍,对照文本听1遍,精读1遍)
读原文(精读1遍,对照文本听1遍)
单词
1. Arbitrariness 任意性,这里指的的语言学的一个知识。
Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 任意性指的是语言符号的声音和意义没有必然的联系,它是语言最核心的一个区别性特征。 之所以叫“苹果”,仅仅是是由于第一批人这样叫它,所以我们如果最开始把苹果叫做“猪”或者“树”,那么今天的可能就叫做“猪”或者“树”了。这样看来,苹果的发音或者拼写和它的意义之间没有任何联系。我们可以用不同的语言指代“”,汉语里我们称之为“书”,英语里称之为“book”,日语里称之为“本(ほん)”。可以看到在不同的语言中,“”的叫法不同,这也说明了语言符号的发音和意义之间没有必然的联系。汉语里第一批人用“苹果”指代之后,这样的叫法被语言社区里的人广泛接受和认可,进入了汉语这门语言的词汇体系,被后代所习得和传承,形成了一种社会规约。所以从这个意义上来说,语言的形式(spelling & sound)和意义之间的关系既是任意的又是规约的(arbitrary and conventional)
2. quadruped
Meaning: an animal that has four legs四足动物
E.g. Horses, lions and dogs are quadrupeds, but humans are bipeds. 马、狮子和狗都是四足动物,但人是两足动物。
这里需要注意的是:quadri- 为词根,表示四,如quadrilateral,四边形;quadruplet 四胞胎之一。
短语
短语:be subjected to 遭受;受到;经受
例句:If there is divergence in explanation, must be subjected to the English version.
如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文本为准。
辨析:The job applicantsare subject/subjected toa high level of scrutiny.
be subject to和be subjected to都可以用,两者的细微差别是:be subject to指“面试者必须(MUST)经过详细审核”,subject的形容词特性更多是描述一种条件或状态;而用be subjected to强调求职者是集中面试、背景调查以及评估的“直接承受者”(或带有HAVE TO的感觉),subject的动词特性更多是强调动作。
写作
主题句:There is another reason so many languages might have an m-sound in “mother”.
本句作为段落主题句,主要是分析妈妈一词普遍以“m”开头的第另一个原因。
第三步:阅读双语文章
上下滑动阅读双语全文
There is another reason so many languages might have an m-sound in “mother”. Linguists generally argue for “the arbitrariness of the sign”: no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped. A rare exception is onomatopoeia, where words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow or Spanish’s guau-guau) vaguely resemble the sound. Yet most things are not subject to naming this way.
许多语言在“母亲”一词中带有m音可能还有另一个原因。语言学家普遍认同“符号的任意性”:“狗狗”一词和毛茸茸的四足动物之间不存在任何联系。一个罕见的例外是拟声词,其中代表狗叫的词(英语中的 bow-wow 或西班牙语中的 guau-guau)与狗叫声隐约相似。然而,大多数事物都不受这种命名方式的约束。
第四步:回答问题(评论区回答问题)
Reading Questions:
Q1: What is the reason that so many languages have an m-sound in “mother”?
Q2: What is an example of onomatopoeia?
Q3: Is there a connection between the word dog and the furry quadruped?
4. 跟读+模仿(这是学习英语口语最好的方法),群提交语音作品
滑动查看答案
Q1
A1: The reason is the arbitrariness of the sign, meaning no connection exists between the word dog and the furry quadruped.
Q2
A2: An example of onomatopoeia is words representing the bark of a dog (bow-wow or Spanish’s guau-guau).
Q3
A3: No, there is no connection between the word dog and the furry quadruped.
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