精品推荐——宣德五彩龙纹双耳瓶

明代宣德朝自公元（1426----1435）年，历经短短十年，但这十年却是明代瓷器发展的鼎盛期，十年中在制瓷业上取得了非常显著的成就，由于宣德朝和永乐朝一样，政局比较稳定，经济发展也较快，加上宣德皇帝朱瞻基本身喜欢瓷器，又爱斗蟋蟀，这使制瓷技术较前又有了很大提高。五彩瓷器是由诸多因素决定的，可谓天时、地利、人和所促成的必然结果。“天时”是指明代全国几大著名的瓷窑，均出现衰落的趋势，尽管还有不少地区在生产各类陶瓷，但无论从产品的质量还是数量以及产品的多样性方面，均无法和景德镇烧造的青花瓷、釉里红瓷及釉上彩绘瓷媲美。

Since Ming xuande dynasty (1426-1435 AD), after just ten years, but this decade is the development of the Ming dynasty porcelain heyday, ten years have made significant achievements in porcelain, because jintong facing and yongle, relatively stable political situation, economic development is faster, plus the emperor xuande Zhu Zhanji itself like porcelain, and cricket, which made porcelain making technology earlier and have greatly improved. Multicolored porcelain is determined by many factors, it can be said that the natural time, place, and the inevitable result of the promotion. "Tianshi" refers to several famous porcelain kilns throughout the country, all of which show a declining trend. Although there are still many areas producing various kinds of ceramics, they are not comparable to the blue and white porcelain, underglaze red porcelain and painted porcelain made in jingdezhen in terms of quality, quantity and diversity of products.

如浙江龙泉窑仍继续烧造青瓷，磁州窑的白地黑花器虽然仍为人们所钟爱，但在陶瓷的胎釉和制作工艺方面却无法和景德镇的瓷器相抗衡。至明代中期，景德镇的瓷器几乎占据了当时全国的大多数市场。大量的需求，极大地刺激了景德镇陶瓷制造业的快速发展和规模的扩大。景德镇成为“天下窑器所聚”的繁荣的瓷器生产中心。宋应星在《天工开物》中记载：“合并数郡，不敌江西饶郡产……若夫中华四裔，驰名猎取者，皆饶郡浮梁景德镇之产也。”当时景德镇瓷窑遍地，一派生机。明万历时王世懋在《二酉委谭》中记录了景德镇当时的繁荣景象，“万杵之声殷地，火光炸天，夜令人不能寝。戏呼之曰四时雷电镇”。

For example, zhejiang longquan kiln still continues to make celadon, although the white ground and black flower ware of cizhou kiln is still favored by people, it cannot compete with jingdezhen porcelain in terms of ceramic glaze and production technology. By the middle of the Ming dynasty, jingdezhen porcelain almost occupied most of the country's market. A great deal of demand greatly stimulated the rapid development and scale expansion of jingdezhen ceramic manufacturing industry. Jingdezhen became a prosperous center of porcelain production. Song yingxing wrote in his book "nature's work opens things" : "combining several counties, he lost the battle to jiangxi rao county... Ruofu Chinese four descent, famous hunter, are rao county fuliang jingdezhen also. At that time, jingdezhen kiln everywhere, a vibrant. Wang shimao recorded the prosperity of jingdezhen at that time in the story of the youyou committee. It's four o 'clock in the morning."

宣德在瓷器方面，创烧了许多新颖的品种如；宣德红釉，宣德兰釉，宣德青花五彩。《长物志》曰；“红花，青花者，俱鲜艳夺目，堆垛可爱”。使之成为中国陶瓷发展史上两颗相应的灿烂明珠，闻名于世。宣德窑生产的瓷器品种之多是空前的，单纯的釉上彩有釉上红彩和五彩。有文献记载：“彩瓷始自宣德。”但从考古发现，洪武时已有红彩出现。然而宣德时所烧红彩，较之洪武红彩更加鲜艳，并且色调有浓重和浅淡之分。“宣窑五彩深厚堆垛”，也许就是指这种色调浓重的红彩。河北安次县曾出土明宣德红彩缠枝八吉祥三足炉，其红彩色呈黑紫，深暗凝厚，表面无光，纹样线条粗犷。宣德时红彩是釉上红彩和五彩的开端，为后世的发展打下了基础。

Xuande in porcelain, created many new varieties such as; Xuande red glaze, xuandan glaze, xuande blue and white color. "Long things" said; "Red flower, blue and white, all bright, pile pile lovely". It has become two corresponding bright pearls in the development history of Chinese ceramics and is famous in the world. Xuande kiln produced an unprecedented number of varieties of porcelain, pure glaze color glaze red color and colorful. It is recorded that "colorful porcelain began in xuande". But from the archaeological discovery, hongwu has red color. However, xuande burning red color, compared with hongwu red color is more vivid, and the color is strong and shallow. "Xuan kiln multicoloured deep stack", perhaps refers to this kind of dense red color. In anji county, hebei province, the Ming xuande red color tangles eight auspicious three-foot furnace, the red color is black and purple, dark and thick, the surface is matt, rough lines. Xuande red color is the beginning of red color and multicolor on glaze, which has laid a foundation for the development of later generations.

宣德时期生产的瓷器，不但制作精巧，而且品种繁多，釉上彩，釉下彩，单色与杂色釉均有烧制。特别是青花五彩，洒兰釉品种的创新给宣德瓷又增添了不少迷人的传说。与此同时宣德瓷民窑瓷业也发展很快，器型丰富，品种繁多，敦厚凝重，官窑制作精细，民窑产品粗放，给后人至今留下了一批令人追捧和喜爱的艺术瑰宝。

Xuande period production of porcelain, not only exquisite, and a wide variety of glaze color, glaze color, monochrome and mixed color glaze are fired. Especially blue and white multicoloured, sprinkling blue glaze variety innovation to xuande porcelain and added many fascinating legends. At the same time, the porcelain industry of xuande porcelain civilian kiln also developed rapidly, with rich vessel types, various varieties, dunhou and dignified, fine production of official kiln and extensive production of civilian kiln, leaving a batch of artistic treasures that are sought after and loved by later generations.

图中所示为近日本公司征集到的一件大明宣德年制五彩瓶造型优美，画工精细，尤其是龙纹的色彩叫绝，有使用过的痕迹。此器无论画工，器型，工艺，胎釉，底足，款识各特征无不符合宣德。

The picture shows a collection of sichuan jiayu treasure pavilion recently to the emperor xuande of the Ming dynasty multicoloured bottles beautiful shape, fine painting, especially yuanyang's color, there are traces of use. No matter the painting, the shape, the craft, the glaze, the bottom foot, the characteristics all accord with xuande.

宣德青花五彩瓷造型优美，工艺精细，色彩艳丽，风格各异，虽然历朝历代均有仿制，但是明代正德，嘉靖，万历仿品的色彩以及青花特有的发色都没有宣德的韵味。清康熙，雍正，乾隆也曾仿制带有“大明宣德年制”款的青花五彩瓷，但与真宣德青花五彩相比，相差甚远。其纹饰画法，胎重比较，釉面特征，尤其是苏青钴料的特有发色让后世望尘莫及。

Xuande blue and white multicoloured porcelain has beautiful shape, fine workmanship, colorful colors and different styles. Although there are imitations in all dynasties, the colors of zhengde, jiajing and wanli imitations in Ming dynasty and the unique hair color of blue and white all lack xuande's charm. Qing kangxi, yongzheng and qianlong also made copies of blue and white multicoloured porcelain with the "xuande system of the Ming dynasty", but it was far different from the true xuande multicoloured blue and white porcelain. Its decoration painting method, tire weight comparison, glaze characteristics, especially the unique hair color of suqing cobalt material to later generations.