Today, let's look at how the black walnut is described in the eyes of foreigners.
今天我们一起来看下黑胡桃在外国人眼中是怎么描述的。
北美黑胡桃木
Ancient Romans loved walnuts, and thought so highly of the meaty fruit that they planted the tree throughout south central Europe and England. Attention always focused on walnut for its nut crop, while oak prevailed as the choice for furniture.
古罗马人很喜欢核桃，非常喜欢吃多肉的水果，所以他们把这种树，种遍了欧洲中南部和英格兰。他们主要把核桃为坚果作物，作为家具的选择橡木占主导地位。
In America, though, native black walnut has always been prime stock. While frontier families gathered walnuts to eat, city craftsmen worked the dark wood into classic pieces. Today, black walnut continues as the aristocrat of native hardwoods and the hallmark of tradition.
然而，在美国，原生黑胡桃一直是主要原料。当乡村家庭采集核桃用料食用，城市工匠则把黑胡桃做成经典的作品。现代黑胡桃作为当地硬木的贵族和传统的标志。
木材识别 Wood identification
European walnut (Juglans regia) carries the names of countries and regions, such as English walnut, French walnut, and Circassian walnut from the Caucasus Mountains along the Black Sea. A walnut (Juglans neotropica) also grows in South Amenca.
欧洲胡桃木（Juglans regia）有来自黑海高加索山脉的国家和地区，如英国胡桃、法国胡桃和马六甲胡桃。核桃（新核桃属）也生长在南部的阿门卡。
North America claims walnuts，white walnut or butternut (Juglans cinerea), favored by carvers, and black walnut (Juglans nigra). It's black walnut, though, that woodworkers covet.
北美黑胡桃，白核桃或胡桃（核桃楸属），深受雕刻者和黑胡桃（黑核桃）爱好者的青睐。木匠们觊觎的就是黑胡桃
Black walnut's range covers most of the eastern haff of the U.S. and southern Ontario. However, prime walnut requires moist, deep, rich, well-drained soil, such as found in the upper Mississippi River valley.
黑胡桃的范围涵盖了美国东部和安大略南部的大部分地区。然而，黑胡桃主要需要潮湿、深邃、丰富、排水良好的土壤，如在密西西比河上游山谷中发现的。
In idyllic conditions, walnut reaches a height of 150' and a 6' diameter. More commonly, however, it matures at about 100' with a 3' diameter. The tree's thick, dark brown to brownish-gray bark has marked ridges.
在气候适宜的条件下，黑胡桃木高度达到150英寸高度，直径有6英寸。然而，更常见的是高度100英寸，直径为3英寸的黑胡桃树木，深褐色到褐色灰色树皮有明显的脊。
Walnut's distinctive leaves measure 1-2' in length and carry a dozen or more leaflets. In spring, flowing catkins emerge on branch twigs. In mid-summer, nuts appear.
核桃的独特叶长1-2英寸，并携带十几个或更多的叶子。在春天，树枝上出现流动的棉絮。在仲夏，坚果出现。
Walnut's heartwood varies from a purplish-brown with thin, dark veins to gray-brown and even orange-brown. The narrow sapwood tends to be white.
核桃木的心材不同于略带紫色的浅褐色、灰色的褐色、甚至橙色的褐色。狭窄的边材往往是白色的。
Unfigured walnut has straight, somewhat open grain. Figured walnut's fiddleback, burl, stump, and crotch-feels coarse-textured. A cubic foot of dry walnut weighs about 39 pounds, making it just a little heavier than cherry.
未成形核桃有直的，有点开放的果实。核桃的花柄、毛刺、树桩和裆部都有粗糙的纹理。一立方英尺（28316.8立方厘米(cm)）的干核桃重约44磅（19958.06428克(g)），使其比樱桃木稍重一点。
木工应用 Uses in woodworking
Walnut remains a favorite for furniture, paneling, musical instruments, turned bowls, relief carvings, and sculpture. Veneer proves popular in marquetry and as furniture accents. Walnut's shock-resistance, strength, and stability, also make it perfect for shotgun and rifle stocks.
核桃木仍然是家具、镶板、乐器、转盘、浮雕和雕塑的宠儿。被证明是做工艺品和家具很流行。核桃木的抗冲击性、强度和稳定性，也使它适合猎枪和步枪枪托。
材质应用 AvailabiIity
Selling from coast to coast, walnut ranks as our most expensive native hardwood. It's also offered as plywood, furniture squares, buttons, plugs, turning blocks, and dowels. Highly figured grades of walnut veneer can cost about 5-6 times that of plain walnut veneer.
销售到全国各地，核桃木列为我们最昂贵的原生阔叶树。它还提供胶合板、家具木方、纽扣、插头、转动块和销钉。高等级的核桃板材成本约为普通核桃板材的5-6倍
加工方法 Machining methods
Black walnut rates as classic cabinet stock not only because of its eye-appeal, but because you get good results with either hand or power tools. It does, however, sometimes require special treatment. Our suggestions:
黑胡桃之所以能成为经典的橱柜货品，不仅是因为其吸引眼球，还因为无论是手工作品还是机器作品，你都能得到良好的效果。然而，它有时需要特殊的工艺。我们的建议是：
Black walnut dust can irritate the eyes, so wear protective goggles, a dust mask, and have adequate ventilation or dust removal.
黑胡桃粉尘会刺激眼睛，所以要戴防护眼镜、防尘罩，并有足够的通风或除尘。
Avoid any tearout by taking shallow cuts when jointing. And, try this on the planer: Run two short pieces of stock the same thickness as the walnut board through the planer at the same time-one ahead and one behind. This levels the infeed and outfeed rollers for a chipfree cut.
切割时应避免浅切。在刨床上试试这个：在刨床里同时放两块和核桃板一样厚的短板子，一块在前面，一块在后面。这种横向技术切割和切割机为无屑切割。
In crosscutting, attach a backing board to the miter fence to act as a chip breaker.
在横切时，将垫板连接到斜边栅栏上，作为碎屑断屑槽。
Walnut doesn't burn easily in routing, but shallow passes eliminate tearout.
核桃木在这个通道槽上不会出现压痕，但浅通道避免开裂。
Any adhesive performs well with walnut, but in joining with white or yellow glues, keep glue squeeze-out to a minimum and skim off skinned-over glue. Dry glue discolors the dark wood and shows up in the finish. (Elmer's new dark glue minimizes this.)
任何胶粘剂与核桃配合使用效果都很好，但在与白色或黄色胶粘剂结合时，将胶水挤出量保持在最小限度，并撇去表面的胶水。干胶使黑木变色，并在漆面出现。（埃尔默的新黑胶不会变色，效果更好。）
Straight-grained walnut generally doesn't require filling. Figured walnut-especially burls and crotch wood-has irregular, more open grain that you should fill.
直线纹都是规则的不需要填补。华丽的金瘤纹，树根部和树杈处的纹路都是不规则的粗纹理，需要填补
Staining walnut isn't necessary, unless color is uneven. Then, aniline dyes won't cloud the grain.
核桃木染色是不必要的，除非颜色不均匀。苯胺染料不会使纹路不清楚。
The best finish for walnut is a clear one. Several coats of Danish oil provide clarity. For protection, add a compatible clear topcoat.
核桃木最好的成品是清爽的。涂上几层丹麦油，为了使纹路更清晰，可以添加一个兼容的透明面漆。
雕刻评论 Carving comments
Walnut works best for sculptures and large figures with simple lines, or signs and relief carvings. If you do select walnut for a carving project, remember these tips:
核桃木最适合雕塑和大型塑像，简单的线条，或标志和浮雕。如果你选择核桃作为雕刻材料，记住这些提示：
Deep cuts along the grain may cause the wood to pop out.
沿着木材纹路的纵深的切割可能导致木材变形。
Walnut's grain varies from very open to almost closed, depending on where it grew. Each performs differently. Open-grain walnut carves easier. Closed-grain walnut may be more difficult to carve, but it takes a finer finish.
核桃木的纹路呈现不同的变化从开放到封闭，取决于它生长的地方。因地区而异。开放的核桃更容易。封闭的纹理核桃可能更难雕刻，但它需要更精细的完成。
加工技巧 Turning tricks
Walnut turns best at a lathe speed of 800-1,000 rpm, and requires sharp tools. Bowl turners know that walnut's pronounced end grain in the bottom of a bowl tears easily and produces a rough surface that's difficult to smooth. To counter that, leave a little extra thickness -- about 18 " or less -- in the end grain at the bowl's bottom. Then, stop the lathe and with a power disc or flap sander, sand the grain down to a slightly lower level than the surrounding wood. Turn on the lathe and sand the remaining wood around the bottom. This method gives you a round bottom instead of the oval shape you get with the uneven sanding done with the lathe on.
核桃木最好在车床转速为800至1000转每分钟，并需要锐利的工具。这样才能产生光滑的黑胡桃纹路，避免粗糙的表面。另外还要留下一点额外的厚度——大约18。然后，停止车床，用动力圆盘或襟翼打磨机，把木料打磨到比周围木材稍低的水平。打开车床，将剩余的木材围绕底部打磨。这种方法给你一个圆形底部，而不是椭圆形的形状，你得到与不均匀砂磨与车床上。
工厂测试技术 Shop-Tested Techniques
For stability in use, always work wood with a maximum moisture content of 8 percent.
为了稳定使用，木材的水分含量最高为8%。
For clean cuts, rip with a rip-profile blade that has 24-32 teeth. Smooth cross-cutting requires at least a 40-tooth blade.
对于干净的切割，锯与RIP型材刀片，具有24至32齿。光滑的横切需要至少40齿刃。
Avoid drilling with twist drills. They tend to wander and cause breakout. Use a backing board under the workpiece.
避免使用麻花钻钻孔。他们往往来来回回并导致脱口。在工件下面使用垫板。
Drill pilot holes for screws.
为螺钉钻导孔。
Rout with sharp, preferably carbide-tipped, bits and take shallow passes to avoid burning.
用尖锐、最好是硬质合金的钻头，采用浅槽口，避免钻头发热。
Carving hardwoods generally means shallow gouge bevels-15° to 20°-and shallow cuts.
雕刻硬木一般意味着浅凿斜面-15°至20°-浅切口。
黑胡桃树苗
In China, black walnut seedlings are grown. However, making furniture is a matter of years.
在中国，也有种植黑胡桃树苗的，不过，做成家具那是若干年的事情了。
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