指南|涉外律师域外民商事法律检索指引 Guidelines for International Lawyers on Researching Foreign Civil and Commercial Law

2026年7月《国务院关于对外投资的规定》施行，对于出海企业的合规要求升级。本文将覆盖与中国经贸最密切的重点法域，按法系+区域双维度组织，兼顾检索工具与实务要点，帮助涉外律师定位相关法律，出具初步法律研判。

With the implementation of the Provisions of the State Council on Outbound Investment in July 2026, compliance requirements for companies expanding overseas have been heightened. This article covers key jurisdictions with the closest economic and trade ties to China, organized according to both legal systems and regions. It balances the use of research tools with practical considerations to help cross-border lawyers identify relevant laws and prepare preliminary legal assessments.

（图片来源：中华人民共和国商务部 / Source: Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China）

一、普通法系：美国、加拿大、新加坡

I. Common Law Systems: the United States, Canada, and Singapore

1．美国：50州法律差异大，联邦法和州法并行

(1)核心法规：《外国投资风险审查现代化法》（FIRRMA）、出口管制条例（EAR）、反海外腐败法（FCPA)

(2)检索资源：Justia、Congress.gov、Federal Register等

(3)实务提示：美国判例法更新快，建议用“Shepard’s Citations”确认案例仍有效

1. United States: Laws vary significantly across the 50 states; federal and state laws coexist

(1)Key Laws: Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA); Export Administration Regulations (EAR); Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

(2)Search Resources: Justia, Congress.gov, Federal Register, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: U.S. case law evolves rapidly, it is recommended to use “Shepard’s Citations” to verify that a case is still in force.

2．加拿大：普通法与魁北克民法典并行

(1)核心法规：《加拿大投资法》（ICA）、魁北克民法典

(2)检索资源：CanLII、Justice Laws Website等

(3)实务提示：关键矿产投资需额外注意2024年新规

2. Canada: Common Law and the Civil Code of Québec Coexist

(1)Key Laws: The Investment Canada Act (ICA); the Civil Code of Québec

(2)Search Resources: CanLII, the Justice Laws Website, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: Investments in critical minerals require special attention to the new regulations taking effect in 2024

3．新加坡：亚洲仲裁中心

(1)核心法规：公司法、《个人数据保护法》（PDPA）、有限责任合伙法

(2)检索资源：Singapore Statutes Online等

(3)实务提示：新加坡是查东盟法律的“跳板”，很多泰国、印尼法规英译本可在新加坡数据库找到

3. Singapore: The Asian Arbitration Hub

(1)Key Laws: Companies Act; Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA); Limited Liability Partnership Act

(2)Search Resources: Singapore Statutes Online, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: Singapore serves as a “gateway” for researching ASEAN laws; English translations of many Thai and Indonesian laws can be found in Singaporean databases.

二、大陆法系：德国、法国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯、泰国

II. Civil Law Systems: Germany, France, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Thailand

1.德国：联邦制大陆法系,民法典为核心

(1)核心法规：民法典（BGB）、《对外贸易与支付条例》（AWV）、供应链尽职调查法（LkSG）、欧盟《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）

(2)检索资源：Gesetze im Internet、EUR-Lex（欧盟法）、Beck-Online等

(3)实务提示：德国法律修订频繁，务必核对版本日期

1. Germany: A federal civil law system centered on the Civil Code

(1)Key Laws: German Civil Code (BGB); Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance (AWV); Supply Chain Due Diligence Act (LkSG); General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

(2)Search Resources: Gesetze im Internet, EUR-Lex (EU law), Beck-Online, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: German laws are frequently amended; be sure to verify the version date.

2.法国：单一制大陆法系

(1)核心法规：《法国货币和金融法典》、《法国劳动法典》、欧盟《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）

(2)检索资源：Légifrance、EUR-Lex（欧盟法）等

(3)实务提示：法国最高行政法院（Conseil d'État）判例对理解法规适用至关重要

2. France: Unitary Civil Law System

(1)Key Laws: French Monetary and Financial Code; French Labor Code; General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

(2)Search Resources: Légifrance, EUR-Lex (EU law), etc.

(3)Practical Tips: Case law from the French Council of State (Conseil d'État) is crucial for understanding the application of the law

3.日本：大陆法系+本土特色

(1)核心法规：《外汇及外国贸易法》、公司法、个人信息保护法、《经济安全保障推进法》、民事再生法

(2)检索资源：e-Gov法令检索、JETRO投资指南等

(3)实务提示：2024年起日本对华半导体出口管制升级，《外汇及外国贸易法》修订频繁，建议订阅METI邮件通知

3. Japan: Civil Law System + Local Characteristics

(1)Key Laws: Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act; Companies Act; Act on the Protection of Personal Information; Economic Security Promotion Act; Civil Rehabilitation Act

(2)Search Resources: e-Gov Legislation Search, JETRO Investment Guide, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: Starting in 2024, Japan will tighten export controls on semiconductors to China, and the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act is frequently amended; it is recommended to subscribe to METI email notifications

4.韩国：大陆法系

(1)核心法规：外国人投资促进法（FIPA）、公平交易法、个人信息保护法（PIPA）、商法

(2)检索资源：韩国法律信息中心、韩国最高法院等

(3)实务提示：韩国近期对外汇规则作出一系列重要调整，建议关注新规讯息

4. South Korea: Civil Law System

(1)Key Laws: Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA); Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act; Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA); Commercial Act

(2)Search Resources: Korea Law Information Center, The Supreme Court of Korea , etc.

(3)Practical Tips: South Korea has recently made a series of significant adjustments to its foreign exchange regulations; it is recommended to stay informed about updates to these regulations.

5.俄罗斯：大陆法系，受苏联法影响

(1)核心法规：外商投资法、战略领域外商投资法、联邦个人数据法、联邦知识产权法

(2)检索资源：GARANT、ConsultantPlus、俄罗斯法律信息局（RAPSI）等

(3)实务提示：国际形势导致法律信息更新滞后，建议通过当地合作律所二次确认

5. Russia: Civil law system, influenced by Soviet law

(1)Key Laws: Foreign Investment Law; Law on Foreign Investment in Strategic Entities; Russian Personal Data Law/152-FZ; Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part Four

(2)Search Resources: GARANT, ConsultantPlus, Russian Agency of Legal and Judicial Information (RAPSI), etc.

(3)Practical Tips: Due to the international situation, legal information updates may be delayed; it is recommended to verify information through a local partner law firm.

6.泰国：大陆法系

(1)核心法规：外国人经商法（FBA 1999）、投资促进法、土地法

(2)检索资源：泰国皇家公报、BOI官网等

(3)实务提示：2026年6月30日，泰国在荷兰外交部寄存了加入《海牙认证公约》的文件，待海牙国际私法会议官方确认具体加入日期。

6. Thailand: Civil Law System

(1)Key Laws: Foreign Business Act (FBA 1999); Investment Promotion Act, B.E.2542(1999); Land Code

(2)Search Resources: Royal Thai Government Gazette, BOI official website, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: On June 30, 2026, Thailand deposited its instrument of Accession Convention to the Hague Apostille Convention with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pending official confirmation of the specific date of accession by the Hague Conference on Private International Law.

三、跨法系投资的"梯度检索"：中东与非洲

III. “Graded Search” for Cross-Legal System Investments: The Middle East and Africa

1.中东：伊斯兰法+大陆/普通法混合

(1)核心法规：沙特新投资法（2025年修订）、阿联酋商业公司法、伊朗《鼓励和保护外国投资法》（FIPPA）

(2)检索资源：沙特阿拉伯司法部、Thomson Reuters Practical Law、各国投资部等

(3)实务提示：商事领域以现代成文投资法为主，伊斯兰法主要影响家事、担保、合同解释、伊斯兰金融业务。中东国家存在为吸引外资在特定区域实行独立的法律体系情况，需单独检索区域特定法律体系。

1. Middle East: A hybrid of Sharia law and civil/common law

(1)Key Laws: Investment Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Commercial Companies Law (UAE); Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA, Iran)

(2)Search Resources: The Ministry of Justice (Saudi Arabia), Thomson Reuters Practical Law, national investment ministries, etc.

(3)Practical Tips: In the commercial sphere, modern codified investment laws predominate, while Islamic law primarily influences family law, security interests, contract interpretation, and Islamic finance. Some Middle Eastern countries have implemented separate legal systems in specific regions to attract foreign investment; therefore, it is necessary to conduct separate searches for these region-specific legal systems.

2.非洲：习惯法+殖民法混合

(1)重点国家：埃及（大陆法）、尼日利亚（普通法）、南非（混合法）

(2)核心法规：埃及投资法（2017）、尼日利亚投资促进法、埃塞俄比亚投资公告

(3)检索资源：AfricanLII、非洲联盟（AU）、各国官方公报等

(4)实务要点：非洲法律基础设施薄弱，建议与当地律所确认

2. Africa: A Mix of Customary Law and Colonial Law

(1)Key Countries: Egypt (Civil Law), Nigeria (Common Law), South Africa (Mixed Legal System)

(2)Key Laws: Investment Law No.72 of 2017 (Egyptian); Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Act; Investment Proclamation No.1180/2020 (Ethiopia)

(3)Search Resources: AfricanLII, African Union (AU) , national official gazettes, etc.

(4)Practical Tips: Given Africa’s weak legal infrastructure, it is recommended to consult with local law firms.

（世界法律体系分布图，图片来源：Juriglobe / Source: Juriglobe）

四、常用检索资源

结语

具备跨法系检索能力的涉外律师，可以帮助出海企业在目标国家厘清法律适用边界，作出初步法律研判。需要明确的是，各国法律服务均存在属地执业限制，域外司法适用、本地法律实操细则等核心内容具有极强的地域专属属性，因此在跨境法律服务落地阶段，最终的法律适用方案与实操建议，仍需以属地执业律师的专业意见为准。

Conclusion

International lawyers with the ability to conduct cross-jurisdictional research can help companies expanding overseas clarify the boundaries of applicable law in their target countries and make preliminary legal assessments. It is important to note that legal services in every country are subject to territorial practice restrictions, and core issues such as the extraterritorial application of laws and the practical details of local legal procedures are highly specific to each jurisdiction. Therefore, during the implementation phase of cross-border legal services, the final legal framework and practical recommendations must still be based on the professional advice of local licensed attorneys.

编辑：余宇婷律师