声明:本系列文章基于原期刊目录和摘要内容整理而得,仅限于读者交流学习。如有侵权,请联系删除。
期刊介绍:
《The Review of Financial Studies》为月刊,每年12期,每期发表文章7篇左右。2025年影响因子为7.6。该刊由金融研究学会赞助主办,是推动和广泛传播金融经济学领域重大新研究成果的主要学术平台。其编委会构成广泛,体现了理论与实证研究并重的平衡。论文发表的甄选标准主要在于其学术质量和对于金融学领域的重要性,而不会过分拘泥于技术难度。本刊对“金融”作广义理解,涵盖金融与经济学的交叉领域。
本期看点:
●信任是保险市场的隐形制度根基,它在小额理赔场景中尤为关键,通过降低交易摩擦、减少机会主义行为,从根本上塑造了保险合同的均衡结果。
●可变年金市场中,经纪人佣金机制导致了严重的利益冲突(销售额对经纪人利益的敏感度为对投资者的4倍),而2016年信托规则的出台有效抑制了高费用产品的销售,并显著提升了投资者福利。
●投资者素养有限虽使个体决策偏离最优,却意外地成为跨代风险分担能够大规模实现的制度性基础,从而在整体上完善了金融市场功能。
●2009年美国取消对抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)资本要求的改革,使保险公司持有被降级MBS的意愿明显增强,保险业在(高收益)MBS的新发行市场中挤出了其他投资者。
●寿险公司为对冲可变年金尾部风险而持有的共同高风险资产敞口,在市场遭遇重大冲击时会引发全系统同步抛售,将微观对冲行为转化为系统性风险的放大器。
●失业保险通过降低风险型企业的劳动力成本(补偿性工资差额),将劳动力从安全型企业重新配置至风险型企业,实质上构建了一种从安全部门向风险部门的隐性补贴转移体系。
※ 本期目录
●信任与保险合同
●利益冲突与信托义务的效果:来自可变年金的证据
●风险能否在投资者群体之间分担?——来自一种热门储蓄产品的证据
●美国保险业的监管宽容:取消某类资产资本要求的效果
●保险公司作为资产管理人与系统性风险
●失业保险作为对风险型企业的补贴
Trust and Insurance Contracts
信任与保险合同
作者
Nicola Gennaioli(意大利博科尼大学),Rafael La Porta(美国布朗大学),Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes(法国蔚蓝海岸大学),Andrei Shleifer(美国哈弗大学)
摘要:We assemble homeowner insurance claims from 28 independently operated country subsidiaries of a multinational insurance firm. We propose a new insurance model, in which consumers can make invalid claims and firms can deny valid claims, as is common in the data. In the model, trust and honesty shape equilibrium insurance contracts, disputes, and claim payments, especially when disputes are too small for courts. We test the model by investigating claim incidence, dispute, rejection, and payment, as well as insurance costs and pricing across countries. The evidence is consistent with the centrality of trust for insurance markets, as our model predicts.
我们收集了一家跨国保险公司旗下28个独立运营的国家子公司的房屋保险理赔数据。我们提出一个新的保险模型,在该模型中,消费者可以提出无效索赔,而公司也可以拒绝有效索赔——这恰恰是现实中常见的情形。在这一模型框架下,信任与诚信决定了均衡状态下的保险合同、纠纷以及赔款支付,尤其是在纠纷金额过小、不值得诉诸法院时更是如此。我们通过检验不同国家的索赔发生率、纠纷率、拒赔率、赔付金额以及保险成本和定价,对该模型进行了实证检验。研究证据与我们的模型预测一致,充分表明信任在保险市场中的核心地位。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5287/6373390
Conflicting Interests and the Effect of Fiduciary Duty: Evidence from Variable Annuities
利益冲突与信托义务的效果:来自可变年金的证据
作者
Mark Egan(美国哈弗商学院),Shan Ge(美国纽约大学),Johnny Tang(美国哈弗大学)
摘要:We examine the variable annuity market to study conflicts of interest and the effect of fiduciary duty in brokerage markets. Insurers typically pay brokers higher commissions for selling more expensive annuities. Our results indicate that sales are four times as sensitive to brokers’ interests as to investors’. To limit conflicts of interest, the Department of Labor proposed a rule in 2016 holding brokers to a fiduciary standard. We find that after the proposal, sales of high-expense products fell by 52% as sales became more sensitive to expenses. Based on our structural estimates, investor welfare improved overall.
我们研究可变年金市场,以探讨经纪市场中的利益冲突及信托义务的效果。保险公司通常会为销售更昂贵年金的经纪人支付更高的佣金。我们的研究结果表明,销售额对经纪人利益的敏感度是对投资者利益的四倍。为限制利益冲突,美国劳工部于2016年提出一项规则,要求经纪人遵守信托标准。我们发现,该规则提案发布后,高费用产品的销售额下降了52%,且销售额对费用的敏感度显著提高。基于结构模型估计,投资者福利整体得到了改善。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5334/6674521
Can Risk Be Shared across Investor Cohorts? Evidence from a Popular Savings Product
风险能否在投资者群体之间分担?——来自一种热门储蓄产品的证据
作者
Johan Hombert(法国巴黎高等商学院),Victor Lyonnet(美国俄亥俄州立大学)
摘要:We study how retail savings products can share market risk across investor cohorts, thereby completing financial markets. Financial intermediaries smooth returns by varying reserves, which are passed on between successive investor cohorts, thereby redistributing wealth across cohorts. Using data on euro contracts sold by life insurers in France, we estimate this redistribution to be large: 0.8% of GDP. We develop and provide evidence for a model in which low investor sophistication, while leading to individually suboptimal decisions, improves risk sharing by allowing intercohort risk sharing.
我们研究零售储蓄产品如何在不同投资者群体之间分担市场风险,从而完善金融市场。金融中介通过调整准备金来平滑回报,这些准备金在相继的投资者群体之间传递,进而在不同群体之间重新分配财富。利用法国寿险公司销售的欧元合同数据,我们估计这种再分配规模相当可观:占国内生产总值的0.8%。我们构建了一个模型,并提供实证证据,表明投资者素养较低虽然会导致个体层面的非最优决策,但由于其允许跨代风险分担,反而在整体上改善了风险共享。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5387/6674522
Regulatory Forbearance in the U.S. Insurance Industry: The Effects of Removing Capital Requirements for an Asset Class
美国保险业的监管宽容:取消某类资产资本要求的效果
作者
Bo Becker(瑞典斯德哥尔摩经济学院),Marcus M Opp(瑞典斯德哥尔摩经济学院),Farzad Saidi(德国波恩大学)
摘要:We analyze the effects of a reform of capital regulation for U.S. insurance companies in 2009. The reform eliminates capital buffers against unexpected losses associated with portfolio holdings of MBS, but not for other fixed-income assets. After the reform, insurance companies are much more likely to retain downgraded MBS compared to other downgraded assets. This pattern is more pronounced for financially constrained insurers. Exploiting discontinuities in the reform’s implementation, we can identify the relevance of the capital requirements channel. We also document that the insurance industry crowds outs other investors in the new issuance of (high-yield) MBS.
我们分析了2009年美国保险公司资本监管改革的效果。该改革取消了针对抵押贷款支持证券(MBS)投资组合中意外损失所对应的资本缓冲要求,但其他固定收益资产不受影响。改革后,与其他被下调评级的资产相比,保险公司持有被下调评级的MBS的意愿显著增强。这一模式在财务受约束的保险公司中更为明显。利用改革实施中的不连续性,我们识别了资本要求渠道的相关性。我们还发现,保险业在(高收益)MBS的新发行市场中挤出了其他投资者。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5438/6363803
Insurers as Asset Managers and Systemic Risk
保险公司作为资产管理人与系统性风险
作者
Andrew Ellul(美国印第安纳大学),Chotibhak Jotikasthira(美国南卫理公会大学),Anastasia Kartasheva(瑞士圣加仑大学),Christian T Lundblad(美国北卡大学),Wolf Wagner(荷兰鹿特丹商学院)
摘要:Financial intermediaries often provide guarantees resembling out-of-the-money put options, exposing them to undiversifiable tail risk. We present a model in the context of the U.S. life insurance industry in which the regulatory framework incentivizes value-maximizing insurers to hedge variable annuity (VA) guarantees, though imperfectly, and shifts risks into high-risk and illiquid bonds. We calibrate the model to insurer-level data and identify the VA-induced changes in insurers’ risk exposures. In the event of major asset and guarantee shocks and absent regulatory intervention, these shared exposures exacerbate system-wide fire sales to maintain capital ratios, plausibly erasing over half of insurers’ equity capital.
金融中介机构经常提供类似于价外看跌期权的担保,使其面临不可分散的尾部风险。我们以美国寿险业为背景构建了一个模型,在该模型中,监管框架激励追求价值最大化的保险公司对可变年金担保进行对冲(尽管并不完美),并将风险转移至高收益和非流动性债券。我们将模型校准至公司层面数据,并识别出由可变年金引起的保险公司风险敞口变化。在遭遇重大资产和担保冲击且缺乏监管干预的情况下,这些共同的风险敞口会加剧全系统的恐慌性抛售——保险公司为维持资本充足率而同步抛售资产,可能抹去超过一半的保险公司股本资本。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5483/6671240
Unemployment Insurance as a Subsidy to Risky Firms
失业保险作为对风险型企业的补贴
作者
Bernardus Van Doornik(巴西中央银行),Dimas Fazio(新加坡国立大学),David Schoenherr(美国普林斯顿大学),Janis Skrastins(美国华盛顿大学)
摘要:We document that a more generous unemployment insurance (UI) system shifts labor supply from safer to riskier firms and reduces the compensating wage differentials that risky firms need to pay. Consequently, a more generous UI system increases risky firms’ value and fosters entrepreneurship by reducing new firms’ labor costs. Exploiting a UI reform in Brazil that affects only part of the workforce allows us to compare labor supply for workers with different degrees of UI protection within the same firm, sharpening the identification of the results. Altogether, our results suggest that UI provides a transfer system from safe to risky firms.
我们发现,更慷慨的失业保险制度会将劳动力供给从安全性较高的企业转向风险较高的企业,并降低风险型企业所需支付的补偿性工资差额。因此,更慷慨的失业保险制度通过降低新企业的劳动力成本,提高了风险型企业的价值并促进了创业。利用巴西一项仅影响部分劳动力的失业保险改革,我们得以在同一家企业内比较具有不同失业保险保护程度的工人的劳动力供给,从而增强了结果识别的准确性。总体而言,我们的结果表明,失业保险提供了一种从安全型企业向风险型企业的转移支付体系。
原文链接:https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/35/12/5535/6534351
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