“历史永不原谅向文明开战”

当战火蔓延至文明腹地，人们越来越担心受损的不仅是建筑，更是跨越千年的文化记忆。

考古学家在伊拉克摩苏尔老城

伊朗文化遗产、旅游和手工业部数据显示，美以袭击破坏了伊朗至少131处历史和文明古迹，其中甚至包括德黑兰唯一世界文化遗产古莱斯坦宫（又称玫瑰宫）。

Iranian Minister of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts Seyed Reza Salehi-Amiri said at least 131 historical and civilizational monuments were damaged during attacks by the US and Israel, including the Golestan Palace, Xinhua News Agency reported on April 10.

古列斯坦宫（伊朗德黑兰宫殿）

在历史名城伊斯法罕，有23处珍贵遗址遭到破坏，其中最重要的是四十柱宫。

在库尔德斯坦省，12处历史古迹受损。

伊朗艺术家及学者内达·佐吉（Neda Zoghi）对《中国日报》表示：“超过100处文化遗产在数周内被蓄意或无意地摧毁，我们正目睹对一个文明的物质记忆所进行的系统性抹除。”

"When over 100 cultural heritage sites and museums sustain deliberate or negligent destruction in a matter of weeks, we are confronting something far more calculated — the systematic dismantling of a civilization's physical memory," said Iranian artist Neda Zoghi, who holds a doctorate in Islamic art and is a civilization specialist at the Asia West East Centre, a research center based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

四十柱宫（伊朗伊斯法罕宫殿）

研究伊朗传统艺术数十年的佐吉强调，伊朗的艺术遗产层层叠加——一座清真寺可能融合砖砌、书法、马赛克和彩绘内壁­­­——每一层都承载着独特的文化内涵。“当这样的建筑遭到破坏时，你失去的不仅仅是一样物品，还有很多东西，而每一样都是无法替代的。”

She said that Iranian artistic heritage is deeply layered. A single mosque may contain brickwork, calligraphy, tile mosaics, and painted interiors, and each layer has a different conversation.

"When such a structure is damaged, you do not lose one thing. You lose many things simultaneously, each irreplaceable," Zoghi said.

在古莱斯坦宫遭到破坏后，联合国教科文组织于3月2日发表声明称，将继续密切关注伊朗及整个地区的文化遗产状况，以确保其得到保护。该组织表示，自2023年10月7日以来，截至3月24日，加沙地带已有164处遗址遭到破坏。

Following the damage to the Golestan Palace, UNESCO released a statement on March 2, saying it continues to closely monitor the situation of cultural heritage in Iran and across the region, with a view to ensuring its protection.

As of March 24, UNESCO confirmed it has verified damage to 164 sites in Gaza since Oct 7, 2023.

伊朗联合国教科文组织全国委员会秘书长在新闻发布会手持法拉克城堡模型

加沙地带被毁坏的遗址

与此同时，黎巴嫩的文化遗产也面临威胁。应贝鲁特要求，联合国教科文组织于4月1日召开了一次特别会议，决定对黎巴嫩39处文化遗产给与“强化保护”，并提供超过10万美元的紧急援助。

该地区的一些专家表示担忧，即使像泰尔和巴勒贝克这样的大城市没有直接成为目标，附近爆炸产生的震动也可能破坏建筑物。

Some experts in the region have expressed concerns that even if major sites such as Tyre and Baalbek are not directly targeted, vibrations from nearby explosions could destabilize structures and columns.

巴勒贝克拥有世界上保存最完整的古罗马神庙遗址，这里也是中东地区最负盛名的文化艺术活动巴勒贝克国际节的举办地。这一盛会原定于7月底或8月初举办，但目前有可能因战争而推迟或取消。

Baalbek, a large archaeological complex, is home to some of the world's best-preserved ancient Roman temple ruins. It is also home to Lebanon's renowned cultural Baalbeck International Festival. It was supposed to take place at the end of July and beginning of August. But it is likely that the festival will be postponed or canceled this year.

巴勒贝克（黎巴嫩古城）

印度尼西亚大学法学院副教授阿里·艾佛里安夏表示，联合国教科文组织决定加强对黎巴嫩文化遗址的保护在法律上很重要，但在现实中并非物理盾牌。因为以色列并非《海牙公约》第二议定书缔约国，执行力度存在局限。

他表示：“在黎巴嫩，损害依然存在，政权也因此削弱，因为以色列不是 1999 年《第二议定书》的缔约国，尽管 1954 年《海牙公约》仍然适用。”

艾佛里安夏强调，冲突各方如果袭击受保护的财产，就应该被追究责任。

Arie Afriansyah, a professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Indonesia, said that UNESCO's move to enhance protection for 39 cultural sites in Lebanon "is legally important, but only partly effective in practice".

"In Lebanon, damage has still occurred, and the regime is weakened because Israel is not a party to the 1999 Second Protocol, though the 1954 Hague Convention still applies."

Parties in the conflict, Afriansyah said, should be held accountable if they attack the protected properties.

伊朗艺术家佐吉呼吁国际社会正视“文化暴力”：“你可以对一个政府发动战争，但历史永远不会原谅你向文明开战。”

"You may wage war against a government, (but) history will never forgive you for waging war against civilization," said civilization specialist Zoghi.

记者：Jan Yumul

编译：杨涵

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