《天然气工业》：CCUS-EGR主题双语文章推荐

CCUS-EGR（二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存-提高天然气采收率）技术作为实现“双碳”目标与油气资源高效开发协同发展的关键路径，近年来成为能源领域的研究热点与实践重点。然而，从理论走向工程实践，我们仍面临着地质机理不清、工程工艺适配性差等诸多挑战。为助力相关领域研究者了解该技术的研究进展、核心技术突破与现场应用探索，本期为大家推荐发表于《天然气工业》的6篇CCUS-EGR主题双语文章。这些文章聚焦不同储层类型、技术难点与研究方法，涵盖四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地等典型区域的工程实践与室内实验，深入探讨了CO₂驱替机理、控水治硫、气窜控制、压裂改造等议题。这些研究不仅为我国复杂气藏的高效开发提供了理论支撑，也为CCUS工程落地提供了宝贵的实战参考，欢迎阅读。

1

四川盆地卧龙河气田CO2-EGR先导试验新进展

Latest progress of CO2-EGR pilot test in the Wolonghe Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin

【摘要】CO2-EGR技术对于高效开发天然气和减缓温室效应具有重要的战略和现实意义，但当前中国的CO2-EGR工程实践仍处于探索阶段，尚需进行大量研究以支撑先导试验的开展。为此，系统梳理了国内外CO2-EGR技术取得的认识与进展，结合四川盆地卧龙河气田CO2-EGR先导试验进展情况，深入分析了在该盆地开展CO2-EGR技术面临的挑战，最后展望了CO2-EGR协同封存技术的发展方向。研究结果表明：(1)CO2-EGG作用机理主要包括增压补能与驱替作用、重力分异作用、黏度差异辅助驱替作用、优势吸附置换作用、溶蚀改造作用、抑制水侵作用等；(2)CO2-水-岩反应促使碳酸盐岩中的方解石溶蚀，储层孔隙度、渗透率发生变化；(3)CO2具有一定的阻水效果且超临界CO2阻水效果更强，较之于纯CO2，含杂质CO2体系与CH4之间的物性差异较小且杂质含量越多物性差异越小；(4)为获得更优的驱气效果，应使用纯CO2作为注入介质，并确保CO2处于超临界态。结论认为：(1)四川盆地卧龙河气田CCUS-EGR先导试验方案设计具有精细化的气藏工程设计理念、“南北分区”的创新性试验布局、注入介质优化与相态控制3个特点，并形成了一套适应性工艺、注采设计与经济性论证相结合的CO2-EGR实施方案；(2)后期需要攻关关键技术瓶颈、构建CO2-EGR汇源网络、形成信息化全流程监管、落实风险识别管控措施，以推进CO2-EGR现场试验的进一步开展。

【Abstract】CO2-EGR is of strategic and practical significance to the efficient development of natural gas and the alleviation of greenhouse effect. At present, however, the CO2-EGR engineering practice in China is still in the exploratory stage, and needs sufficient researches to support the implementation of pilot test. In this paper, domestic and foreign understanding and progress of CO2-EGR technologies are systematically reviewed. Then, based on the progress of the CO2-EGR pilot test in the Wolonghe Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin, the challenges to the implementation of CO2-EGR technologies in this basin are analyzed deeply. Finally, the development directions of CCUS-EGR technologies are predicted. And the following research results are obtained. First, the technological mechanisms of CO2-EGR mainly include pressurized energy replenishment and displacement, gravity segregation, viscosity difference-assisted displacement, predominant adsorption replacement, dissolution reconstruction, and water invasion inhibition. Second, CO2–water–rock interactions promote the dissolution of calcite in carbonate rocks, thereby altering reservoir porosity and permeability. Third, CO2 has a certain water blocking effect, and especially supercritical CO2 exhibits stronger water blocking. Compared with pure CO2, the CO2 system with impurities is less different from CH4 in terms of physical properties, and the higher the impurity content, the smaller the difference in physical properties. Fourth, to achieve a better CO2-EGR effect, it is necessary to take pure CO2 as the injection medium and ensure that CO2 is in the supercritical state. In conclusion, the pilot test design of CCUS-EGR in the Wolonghe Gas Field of the Sichuan Basin presents the features of "fine design concept of gas reservoir engineering", "innovative test arrangement of north-south zoning" and "optimization and phase control of injection medium", and a set of CO2-EGR implementation scheme with integrated adaptability process, injectionproduction design and economic demonstration is prepared. What's more, it is necessary to tackle key technological bottlenecks, construct a CO2-EGR sink and source network, form information-based whole process monitoring, and work out risk identification and control measures, so as to promote the further development of CO2-EGR field test.

2

高含硫边底水气藏注CO2控水治硫提高天然气采收率：实验与模拟

Water control and sulfur treatment to enhance gas recovery by CO2 injection in sour gas reservoirs with edge/bottom water: Experiment and simulation

【摘要】碳酸盐岩边底水高含硫气藏是中国天然气资源的重要组成部分，广泛分布于四川盆地、塔里木盆地等主要产气区，此类碳酸盐岩边底水酸性气藏开发过程中，边水侵入与硫沉积共同作用严重影响气藏开发效果及气藏采收率。为此，通过室内实验、分子模拟和数值模拟相结合的手段，系统研究了注CO2控水治硫及提高天然气采收率的机理。研究结果表明：(1)注CO2通过三重作用提高气藏采收率：为地层补充弹性能量；CO2优先进入高渗区深部并占据渗流通道，将侵入边水回推，同时解除水锁效应；在二次开发阶段推动CO2向第二排生产井驱替井间残余天然气。(2) CO2与硫分子间存在较强的溶剂化作用，可有效溶解储层中的单质硫，进而解除通道堵塞。(3) CO2较单质硫具有竞争吸附优势，能剥离岩石表面吸附的硫沉积，室内实验证实注CO2可使硫饱和度降低40%以上。(4)普光气田典型井组数值模拟研究表明，转注CO2后控水和提高气藏采收率效果明显，且效果排序为：异步注焖采>恢复压力后连续驱替>连续驱替>衰竭。结论认为，注CO2技术兼具“控水”与“治硫”双重功能，未来应聚焦“CO2-水-硫-气多相竞争吸附定量表征”“边水气藏CO2驱替-封存协同机制”及“注采参数优化”等关键问题攻关为边底水酸性气藏高效开发提供了新的技术手段。

【Abstract】Carbonate sour gas reservoirs with edge/bottom water, as an import part of natural gas resources in China, are widely distributed in major gas provinces such as the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, and their development effectiveness and recovery factors are seriously impacted by edge water invasion and sulfur deposition during the development process. This paper systematically investigates the mechanisms of CO2 injection for water and sulfur control and enhanced gas recovery by means of laboratory experiment, molecular simulation and numerical simulation. The following results are obtained. First, CO2 injection improves gas recovery through three mechanisms: replenishing formation elastic energy; preferentially entering deep high-permeability zones and occupying the flow channels to push back the invading edge water while relieving water-locking effect; and driving interwell residual natural gas toward the second row of production wells during secondary development stage. Second, the strong solvation interactions between CO2 and sulfur molecules can effectively dissolve elemental sulfur in reservoirs, thus unblocking the channels. Third, CO2 exhibits advantages in competitive adsorption over elemental sulfur, stripping sulfur deposits from rock surfaces. Laboratory experiments confirm that CO2 injection can reduce sulfur saturation by over 40%. Fourth, numerical simulation of typical well groups in the Puguang Gas Field indicates that CO2 injection can achieve significant effect in water control and gas recovery enhancement, with the effect ranking as synchronous injection-soak-production > continuous displacement after pressure buildup > continuous displacement > depletion. In conclusion, CO2 injection technology has the dual functions of "water control" and "sulfur control". Future research should focus on the key issues such as quantitative characterization of CO2-water-sulfur-gas multiphase competitive adsorption, synergetic mechanism of CO2 flooding and storage in edge-water gas reservoirs, and injection-production parameter optimization to provide new technical means for the efficient development of sour gas reservoirs with edge/bottom water.

3

碳酸盐岩有水气藏注CO2溶解、沉淀及运移机理

Mechanisms of dissolution, precipitation, and precipitate migration induced by CO2 injection in water-bearing carbonate gas reservoirs

【摘要】中国碳酸盐岩气藏资源丰富，但其储层非均质性强、普遍含水且边底水活跃，导致气藏采收率低，如何提高该类气藏采收率一直是业界关注的重大难题。气藏注CO2是一项有望能够同时实现大幅度提高天然气采收率和碳埋存的前瞻性技术（CCUS-EGR），该技术在国内正处于前期研究与现场试验阶段。为了阐明CO2注入碳酸盐岩储层后CO2-水-碳酸盐岩的溶解、沉淀以及沉淀物的运移机理，采用高温高压反应釜和在线驱替CT等实验平台，开展了微观静态溶解实验和动态驱替反应实验研究。研究结果表明：①CO2溶于水中形成碳酸流体，流体主要与碳酸盐岩中的白云石和方解石发生反应，溶解反应对晶内孔影响较大，矿物的溶解差异使得晶体内部形成裂缝增加了孔隙之间的连通性；②动态驱替反应过程中，溶解作用使孔隙空间增大、连通性增强，沉淀作用则使孔隙空间减小或堵塞喉道，溶解作用和沉淀物生成是共存的，沉淀物沉积会抑制该表面的溶解，溶解作用会使得堵塞的喉道被重新打开；③生成的沉淀物主要为碳酸钙和碳酸镁，碳酸钙优先于碳酸镁生成，碳酸钙主要呈“块状”和“簇状”，碳酸镁主要呈“絮状”和“花瓣状”；④沉淀物的运移主要受重力和水动力作用的影响，孔隙尺寸越小，水动力影响越大，沉淀物随流体方向运移于喉道出口处聚集，随着孔隙尺寸的增大，水动力逐渐减弱，当受重力影响较大时，沉淀物会沿重力方向运移沉积。结论认为，通过从静态到动态的系统实验研究，从微观尺度阐明了孔隙空间几何形状的变化特征，揭示碳酸盐岩有水气藏注CO2动态溶解、沉淀以及沉淀物运移机理，为深入研究CO2-水-碳酸盐岩相互作用下储层物性微观变化机制提供了理论支撑。

【Abstract】There are abundant carbonate gas reservoir resources in China, whose strong reservoir heterogeneity, common water bearing and active edge and bottom water, however, lead to low gas recovery factor. Enhancing the recovery of such gas reservoirs has long posed a significant challenge to the industry. CO2 injection into gas reservoirs, as a promising technology that can achieve significant gas recovery enhancement and carbon storage simultaneously (CCUS-EGR), is currently in the early research and pilot testing stages in China. To elucidate the dissolution, precipitation and precipitate migration mechanisms in CO2-water-carbonate rock system after CO2 injection into carbonate reservoirs, this paper carries out microscopic static dissolution experiments and dynamic displacement reaction experiments using experimental platforms such as a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor and online displacement CT. The following results are obtained. First, CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid fluid, which mainly reacts with dolomite and calcite in carbonate rocks. The dissolution reaction has a greater influence on intracrystalline pores, and differential mineral dissolution leads to the formation of fractures within crystals, thereby enhancing pore connectivity. Second, in the process of dynamic displacement reaction, dissolution enlarges pore space and enhances connectivity, while precipitation reduces pore space or blocks pore throats. Dissolution coexists with the formation of precipitates. The formation of precipitates inhibits the dissolution on the affected surfaces, while the dissolution can reopen previously blocked pore throats. Third, the precipitates are mainly composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, with calcium carbonate forming preferentially. Calcium carbonate typically appears in blocky or clustered shape, while magnesium carbonate tends to be flocculent or petal-shaped. Fourth, the migration of precipitates is influenced mainly by gravity and hydrodynamic forces. In small pores, the hydrodynamic force has a greater influence, and precipitates migrate along fluid flow direction to accumulate at the throat outlet. As pore size increases, the hydrodynamic force diminishes gradually. When gravity becomes the dominant factor, the precipitates migrate along the gravity direction to deposit. In conclusion, this systematic experimental study from static to dynamic conditions illustrates the evolution characteristics of geometric shapes of pore space in the micro scale, and reveals the mechanisms of dynamic dissolution, precipitation, and precipitate migration induced by CO2 injection in water-bearing carbonate gas reservoirs, thereby providing theoretical support for deeply investigating the microscopic evolution mechanisms of reservoir physical properties under the effect of CO2-water-carbonate rock interaction.

4

碳酸盐岩气藏注CO2混合体系提高天然气采收率与气窜控制机理

EGR and channeling control mechanisms of CO2 mixture injection into carbonate gas reservoirs

【摘要】注CO2提高气藏采收率（CO2-EGR）是实现天然气增产与封存CO2的重要技术，但CO2的重要气源为烟气、尾气等，常含有N2等杂质气体，采用分离提纯的CO2开展CO2-EGR将大幅度增加生产成本。为了明确CO2混合体系提高碳酸盐岩气藏采收率机理，开展了CO2混合体系长岩心驱替实验以及CO2防窜实验，研究了不同注气速率、注气时机与注气组分对提高天然气采收率效果的影响规律，明确了CO2-EGR的主控因素，并分析了防窜效果对提高天然气采收率的影响规律。研究结果表明：(1) CO2提高天然气采收率效果随着注气速率的增加先升高后降低，当注气速率超过0.05 mL/min时，驱替作用导致CO2快速突破，提高天然气采收率效果反而降低；(2)当注气时机提前时，CO2提高天然气采收率效果升高，但气藏最终采收率逐渐下降；(3)不同组分天然气提高采收率效果依次为：纯CO2、CO2-N2混合体系、纯N2、CO2-N2-O2混合体系，其中纯CO2提高天然气采收率效果最好，达10.04%，混合体系中CO2含量较低时，其物性与CH4更为接近，导致突破时机提前；(4)突破时机与CH4采气速率对CO2提高天然气采收率具有重要影响，通过加入防窜剂延缓了突破时机并提高了CH4采气速率；(5)加入SDS（十二烷基硫酸钠）与SDS+TMPDA（N,N,N',N-四甲基-1,3-丙二胺）提高天然气采收率效果分别上升至11.99%与13.24%。结论认为，该实验明确了不同气体组分与注气参数对CO2提高天然气采收率的影响规律及其影响机制，为CO2混合体系提高碳酸盐岩气藏采收率提供了理论依据和重要参考。

【Abstract】CO2-enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR) is a critical technique of improving gas recovery and storing CO2. However, CO2 is primarily supplied from flue gas, tail gas, or other sources, usually containing gas impurity like N2. Use of separated and purified CO2 in CO2-EGR will significantly increase the production cost. To understand the mechanism of CO2 mixture injection into carbonate gas reservoirs for enhanced recovery, CO2 mixture-based long-core displacement tests and CO2 channeling control tests were conducted. The CO2-EGR effect with a varying injection rate, injection timing and gas composition was investigated, the key factors controlling CO2-EGR were identified, and the impact of channeling control on EGR was analyzed. The following results are obtained. First, the CO2-EGR effect increases and then decreases as the injection rate increases. When the injection rate is higher than 0.05 mL/min, the displacement process leads to a rapid CO2 breakthrough, causing a reduction in EGR. Second, an earlier injection results in a higher CO2-EGR effect but lower ultimate recovery in the gas reservoir. Third, a descending order of EGR is witnessed for gas components as follows: CO2, CO2-N2 mixture, N2, and CO2-N2-O2 mixture. Particularly, CO2 injection yields the best recovery factor as high as 10.04%. The mixture with a low CO2 content, showing similar properties to CH4, induces an earlier breakthrough, leading to a reduction in enhanced recovery. Fourth, breakthrough timing and CH4 recovery rate have great impacts on CO2-EGR, and anti-channeling agent is added to delay the breakthrough and increasing the CH4 recovery rate. Fifth, addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and SDS + TMPDA (N,N,N',N-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine) increases the recovery factor to 11.99% and 13.24%, respectively. It is concluded that the tests conducted clarify the patterns and mechanisms by which gas composition and injection parameters affect CO2-EGR, providing a theoretical basis and valuable reference for injecting CO2 mixture into carbonate gas reservoirs for enhanced recovery.

5

超临界CO2复合压裂页岩裂缝扩展及增渗机理

Fracture propagation and permeability enhancement mechanisms in shale under supercritical CO2 compound fracturing

【摘要】超临界CO2复合压裂采用超临界CO2作为前置液，胍胶压裂液作为携砂液，现场试验已初步验证了该技术的有效性。然而，超临界CO2复合压裂过程中，两阶段流体如何协同作用影响着最终的裂缝形态及导流能力，对此仍缺乏系统深入的实验研究和认识。为了深入认识超临界CO2复合压裂机理，采用室内三轴压裂实验方法，系统对比了胍胶压裂、超临界CO2压裂、超临界CO2复合压裂3种方式的裂缝扩展形态特征，定量表征了裂缝宽度、复杂度和渗透率等关键参数，从实验室角度揭示了复合压裂的缝网复杂度增强和增渗机理。研究结果表明：(1)超临界CO2压裂比胍胶压裂更容易连通层理等不连续面，形成更多分支裂缝，产生更为复杂的裂缝形貌；(2)随着层理倾角的增加，超临界CO2复合压裂更容易形成复杂的裂缝网络，在层理倾角为90°时，复合压裂可广泛连通岩石中层理和天然裂缝，增加改造体积；(3)超临界CO2复合压裂中，胍胶压裂可以显著增加超临界CO2压裂阶段裂缝的复杂度（增加33.6%）和宽度（增加7.08倍），并使渗透率提升一个数量级。结论认为，该研究结果揭示了超临界CO2复合压裂两阶段流体的前置造缝、缝网扩展及协同增渗机制，可为页岩气、煤层气、致密气等非常规储层的高效压裂改造提供理论依据和技术支撑。

【Abstract】Supercritical CO2 compound fracturing, which takes supercritical CO2 as the pad fluid and guar gum fracturing fluid as the sand-carrying fluid, has been verified to be effective in field tests. However, the synergetic effect of the two-stage fluids on the final fracture morphology and conductivity in the process of supercritical CO2 compound fracturing has not been experimentally studied and understood systematically. To understand the mechanisms of supercritical CO2 compound fracturing, this paper adopts the indoor triaxial fracturing experiment method to compare the morphological characteristics of fracture propagation in three modes, i.e., guar gum fracturing, supercritical CO2 fracturing, and supercritical CO2 compound fracturing, and quantitatively characterize the key parameters like fracture width, complexity and permeability. In addition, the fracture network enhancement and permeability enhancement mechanisms under compound fracturing are revealed from the perspective of experimental study. The following results are obtained. First, compared with guar gum fracturing, supercritical CO2 fracturing is more likely to connect discontinuities such as bedding, to form more branch fractures, producing a more complex fracture morphology. Second, as the bedding inclination increases, supercritical CO2 compound fracturing will form a complex fracture network more easily. And when the bedding inclination reaches 90°, compound fracturing can extensively connect the bedding and natural fractures within the rocks, so as to increase the stimulated volume. Third, in supercritical CO2 compound fracturing, guar gum fracturing can significantly increase the complexity and width of the fractures formed during the supercritical CO2 fracturing stage, with the fracture complexity increased by 33.6%, the width increased by 7.08 times, and the permeability increased by an order of magnitude. In conclusion, the research results reveal the pad fluid fracturing, fracture network propagation and synergetic permeability enhancement mechanisms of two-stage fluids in supercritical CO2 compound fracturing, which can provide theoretical basis and technical support for efficient fracturing stimulation of unconventional reservoirs of shale gas, CBM and tight gas.

6

孔隙流体及压力对CO2压裂裂缝特性的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系长6段致密砂岩储层为例

Influence of pore fluid and pressure on the behaviors of fractures induced by CO2 fracturing: A case study on the Triassic Chang 6 tight sandstone reservoir in the Ordos Basin

【摘要】在储层压裂改造过程中，注入流体会改变储层孔隙流体压力以及岩石有效应力，从而影响压裂裂缝的扩展行为。为此，以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长6段致密砂岩储层为研究对象，采用高温高压拟三轴压裂实验系统，结合岩心CT扫描及裂缝三维重构技术，研究了储层孔隙中注入不同类别流体（ScCO2、N2和水等）以及在不同压力情况下对致密砂岩储层压裂裂缝形态的影响。研究结果表明：(1)在相同孔隙压力流体并清水压裂条件下，注入ScCO2和N2均能降低岩石的起裂压力，其中ScCO2影响最大，与无孔隙流体试样相比起裂压力降低了24.04%；(2)与无孔隙流体试样相比，孔隙中充满水的压裂试样起裂压力有所升高（上升约1.1%）；(3)与3种相同孔隙压力流体下的清水压裂相比，ScCO2压裂起裂压力最低，裂缝扩展形态也最复杂，裂缝平均分形维数增大了1.85%；(4)注入岩石孔隙中CO2压力越高，ScCO2压裂后裂缝的形态越复杂，ScCO2的黏度最低，易在孔隙中流动，压裂时更容易沟通天然裂隙和寻找岩石弱面，激发裂缝扩展，加之高孔隙压力降低了岩石的有效应力，从而降低了起裂压力，并诱导产生了复杂裂缝网络。结论认为，在非常规储层压裂改造时，建议向致密储层内注入一定量的CO2，使孔隙压力达到储层有效应力的60%～80%后，再进行ScCO2压裂，以达到提升压裂改造效果的作用，该方法为非常规油气储层CO2高效压裂改造提供了理论和方法支撑。

【Abstract】In the process of reservoir fracturing, the injected fluid can alter the pore fluid pressure and effective rock stress, thereby influencing the propagation behaviors of hydraulic fractures. Taking the Triassic Yangchang Chang 6 tight sandstone reservoir in the Ordos Basin as the research object, this paper studies the effects of different fluids (ScCO2, N2, water, etc.) injected into reservoir pores and different pressure conditions on the morphology of hydraulic fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs by using a high-temperature and high-pressure pseudo triaxial fracturing experimental system, combined with core CT scanning and three-dimensional fracture reconstruction technology. And the following research results are obtained. First, under the same condition as slickwater fracturing with the same pore fluid, injecting ScCO2 and N2 can both reduce the fracture initiation pressure of rocks, with ScCO2 having the greatest impact, which reduces the initiation pressure by 24.04% compared with the samples without pore fluid. Second, compared with the sample without pore fluid, the fracturing sample with pores filled with water has a higher fracture initiation pressure (about 1.1% higher). Third, compared with slickwater fracturing with three kinds of pore fluid respectively, ScCO2 fracturing achieves the lowest fracture initiation pressure and the most complex fracture propagation morphology, with an average fractal dimension increase of 1.85%. Fourth, the higher the pressure of the CO2 injected into the rock pores, the more complex the fracture propagation morphology after ScCO2 fracturing. ScCO2 has the lowest viscosity, so it is easy to flow in pores to communicate natural fractures and search for weak rock planes, thus stimulating fracture propagation. In addition, high pore pressure leads to a decrease in the effective rock stress, thereby reducing the fracture initiation pressure and inducing the formation of a complex fracture network. In conclusion, to perform fracturing stimulation of unconventional reservoirs, it is recommended to inject a certain amount of CO2 into the tight reservoir to increase the pore pressure to 60%–80% of the effective reservoir stress, and then conduct ScCO2 fracturing to enhance the fracturing effect. This method provides theoretical and methodological support for the efficient CO2 fracturing of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.

期刊推荐

《天然气工业》创刊于1981年，是由中国石油天然气集团有限公司主管，中国石油天然气股份有限公司西南油气田分公司主办的全面报道中国天然气工业的技术应用类科技月刊。杂志秉承“植根川渝、面向全国、走向世界”的理念，以“全面展示中国天然气工业的进步与发展，推动并服务于中国天然气产业的科技进步，促进相关科技成果转化为现实生产力”为已任，及时报道中国天然气工业上、中、下游的科技成果。杂志报道方向强调三贴近：“贴近大中气区、贴近生产科技一线、贴近前沿理论研究”，强化三突出：“突出天然气特色、突出领先报道领域、突出上中下游全覆盖优势”，并及时进行天然气政策解读，刊文注重12个新：新理论、新进展、新认识、新观点、新领域、新技术、新工艺、新产品、新工具、新建议、新评价、新方案，推行“一刊一网”的办刊模式，全力打造行业权威科技期刊。目前的主要栏目包括：本期视点、大气田巡礼、地质勘探、开发工程、钻井工程、集输与加工、安全环保、经济管理、新能源。

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