《石油实验地质》：深层油气勘探开发双语研究成果速递

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油气资源作为全球能源体系的核心支柱，其深层 — 超深层勘探开发已成为应对能源需求增长的关键领域。随着勘探技术的持续突破，沉积环境解析、断层运移规律、压裂裂缝扩展、膏盐岩成岩演化等核心方向的研究不断深化，为复杂油气藏的高效开发提供了重要理论支撑。近年来，热 — 流 — 固 — 化耦合模拟、二维气相色谱 - 质谱分析等前沿技术的应用，进一步推动了油气地质研究的创新升级。

本期精选多篇双语研究成果，深入探讨东海盆地、塔里木盆地等重点区域的油气地质特征与开发关键技术，邀您一同解锁深层油气勘探的科学密码。

1

东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带平北区始新统宝石组沉积环境及沉积相类型

Sedimentary environment and facies types of Eocene Baoshi Formation in Pingbei Area, Pinghu Slope Belt, Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin

【摘要】东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带平北区始新统宝石组沉积环境与沉积相认识不清，制约了对该区宝石组储层与烃源岩的评价，阻碍了油气勘探进程。在对宝石组地层重新厘定的基础上，综合运用古生物学、微量元素分析、岩心观察、粒度分析与测井相分析等方法，对研究区9口井的宝石组沉积环境和沉积相进行了系统研究，明确了宝石组沉积相类型。研究表明，平北区宝石组藻类和孢粉含量低，孢粉以喜湿蕨类孢子为主，沟鞭藻、钙质超微化石和有孔虫等海相化石含量较少，表明宝石组沉积时期为半咸水的海陆过渡相，以温暖、湿润气候为主。Sr、Ba、Ni和V等元素的综合分析表明，宝石组沉积时期为弱还原的贫氧环境；相对于天台斜坡带，平北区淡水陆相化石相对较多，为相对局限的海陆交互沉积环境。研究区不同的构造带沉积环境与沉积相有所差异：孔雀亭构造带宝石组主要发育三角洲沉积相，主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝及水下分流间湾微相，席状砂发育较少；宝云亭与武云亭构造带宝石组沉积于受局部海水影响的沉积环境，发育潮坪相，主要发育潮间带砂体，潮间带主要发育潮道、砂坪、混合坪及泥坪沉积微相；在西部斜坡带南部的天台斜坡带发育大套厚层泥岩，代表局限海沉积，其分布范围较小。

【Abstract】The unclear understanding of the sedimentary environment and facies of the Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei Area of the Pinghu Slope Belt, Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin, has restricted the evaluation of the Baoshi Formation reservoirs and source rocks in this area, and hindered the progress in oil and gas exploration. Based on the redefinition of the Baoshi Formation strata, a systematic study of the sedimentary environment and facies of the Baoshi Formation from nine wells in the study area was conducted by integrating paleontology, trace element analysis, core observation, grain size analysis, and logging facies analysis. The types of sedimentary facies in the Baoshi Formation were clarified. The results showed that the Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei Area had low contents of algae and palynomorphs, with hygrophilous fern spores being dominant. A small number of dinoflagellates, calcareous nannofossils, and foraminifera were present. These features indicated that during the deposition of the Baoshi Formation, the environment was a brackish marine-continental transitional setting under predominantly warm and humid climatic conditions. Comprehensive analysis of Sr, Ba, Ni, and V indicated that the Baoshi Formation was deposited under a weakly reducing, suboxic environment. Compared with the Tiantai Slope Belt, more freshwater terrestrial fossils were found in the Pingbei Area, suggesting a relatively restricted transitional sedimentary environment between land and sea. The sedimentary environment and facies varied across different structural zones in the study area. In the Kongqueting Structural Zone, the Baoshi Formation was mainly characterized by deltaic sedimentary facies, primarily consisting of underwater distributary channels, mouth bars, and interdistributary bay microfacies, with limited development of sheet sand bodies. In the Baoyunting and Wuyunting Structural Zones, the Baoshi Formation was deposited in an environment influenced by local seawater, where tidal flat facies and intertidal sand bodies were developed. The intertidal zone mainly contained tidal channels, sandflats, mixed flats, and mud flats as depositional microfacies. In the southern part of the western slope belt, the Tiantai Slope Belt developed thick mudstone layers, suggesting restricted marine deposition with a relatively limited spatial distribution.

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2

东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡天然气沿断层运移特征及运聚模式

Migration characteristics and migration-accumulation patterns of natural gas along faults in Pinghu Slope of Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin

【摘要】断层是东海盆地西湖凹陷平湖斜坡天然气运移的主要通道，对油气差异性富集具有明显的控制作用。明确天然气沿断层运移特征及运聚模式，可有效指导西湖凹陷或相似地区油气有利运聚区的预测。为此，综合测录井、地震等资料，结合天然气组分和碳同位素、包裹体均一温度及丰度等分析测试数据，系统研究了天然气沿静止断层的运移特征，并进一步查明了天然气沿静止断层的运聚模式。结果表明，平湖斜坡天然气存在中新统玉泉组—柳浪组沉积期和上新统三潭组(或更新统东海群)沉积期至今的两期成藏。断层在天然气成藏期基本处于静止状态，且断裂带内部包裹体丰度值介于1%～5%之间，指示天然气沿静止断层发生了连续运移。平湖斜坡天然气等效成熟度为1.08%～1.23%,远高于本地烃源岩最大成熟度，说明其气源主要来自相邻洼陷高成熟烃源岩。油气运移路径示踪结果显示，A和B构造天然气以沿断层走向运移为主；H和J构造天然气以沿断层垂向和穿断侧向运移为主；C和F构造以沿断层走向和穿断侧向运移为主。基于上述特征，确定了“阶梯式”、“走向式”、“走向—阶梯复合式”3种天然气沿断层运聚模式。

【Abstract】Faults are the main pathways for natural gas migration in Pinghu Slope of Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin, and have obvious controlling effects on differential hydrocarbon accumulation. Clarifying the migration characteristics and migration-accumulation patterns of natural gas along faults can effectively guide the prediction of favorable hydrocarbon migration-accumulation areas in Xihu Sag and similar regions. Therefore, by integrating data from well logging, seismic surveys, and analytical test data including natural gas composition, carbon isotopes, inclusion homogenization temperatures, and abundance, the migration characteristics of natural gas along static faults were systematically studied, and the migration-accumulation patterns along static faults were further clarified. Results showed that there were two stages of hydrocarbon accumulation for natural gas in Pinghu Slope, namely, the depositional period of Miocene Yuquan Formation-Liulang Formation and the depositional period of Pliocene Santan Formation (or Pleistocene Donghai Group) to present. Faults were basically in static state during natural gas accumulation periods, and inclusion abundance values within fault zones ranged from 1% to 5%, indicating continuous migration of natural gas along static faults. The equivalent maturity of natural gas in Pinghu Slope was 1.08% to 1.23%, which was much higher than the maximum maturity of local source rocks, indicating that the gas source mainly came from high-maturity source rocks in adjacent sags. Hydrocarbon migration pathway tracing results showed that natural gas in A and B structures mainly migrated along fault strikes; natural gas in Hand J structures mainly migrated vertically along faults and laterally across faults; natural gas in C and F structures mainly migrated along fault strikes and laterally across faults. Based on the above characteristics, three types of natural gas migration-accumulation patterns along faults were determined: “stepwise”, “strike-parallel”, and “strike-stepwise composite” patterns.

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3

基于热—流—固—化耦合的深层致密砂岩储层压裂裂缝扩展规律

Propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures in deep tight sandstone reservoirs based on thermo-fluid-solid-chemical coupling

【摘要】塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部斜坡带深层致密砂岩气是中国天然气增储上产的重要领域，储层水力压裂技术是油气增产的关键手段。然而，深部地质条件复杂，导致压裂裂缝扩展样式及影响因素尚不清晰，需量化分析以揭示多场耦合作用下压裂裂缝的扩展规律。针对库车坳陷北部斜坡带深层气藏高温、高压地质环境，考虑“应力、裂缝弱面”等地质力学因素，建立热—流—固—化耦合模型，借助有限元数值模拟，阐明水力压裂裂缝扩展规律。研究表明：(1)水力压裂裂缝的动态扩展过程受热—流—固—化耦合作用影响显著，决定着压裂裂缝扩展样式；(2)水平应力差低值区易形成复杂缝网，水平应力梯度差异诱导压裂裂缝非对称扩展；(3)压裂裂缝扩展过程中优先激活天然裂缝，且天然裂缝产状影响压裂裂缝扩展方向，当天然裂缝与压裂裂缝夹角较大时压裂裂缝扩展偏向于停止和穿过，而当天然裂缝与压裂裂缝夹角较小时压裂裂缝偏向于激活或激活+穿过；(4)射孔倾角与裂缝偏转角呈正相关，注入速率对裂缝面积的影响存在最优上限，流体与地层温度差越大，越易产生张裂缝，起裂压力越小。

【Abstract】The deep tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the northern slope belt of the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, are a key area for natural gas reserve expansion and production enhancement in China, and hydraulic fracturing technology for these reservoirs is a critical means for hydrocarbon production enhancement. However, the complex geological conditions in deep layers lead to unclear propagation patterns and influencing factors of hydraulic fractures, requiring quantitative analysis to reveal the propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures under the action of multi-field coupling. Focusing on the high-temperature and high-pressure geological environment of deep gas reservoirs in the northern slope belt of the Kuqa Depression, a thermo-fluid-solid-chemical coupling model was established considering geomechanical factors such as “stress and fracture weak planes”. Through finite element numerical simulation, the propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures were elucidated. The results showed that (1) the dynamic propagation process of hydraulic fractures was significantly influenced by thermo-fluid-solid-chemical coupling, which determined the propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures. (2) Complex fracture networks tended to form in zones with low horizontal stress differences, and differences in horizontal stress gradient induced asymmetric propagation of hydraulic fractures. (3) During the propagation of hydraulic fractures, natural fractures were preferentially activated, and the occurrence of natural fractures affected the propagation direction of hydraulic fractures. When the angle between the natural fracture and hydraulic fracture was large, the propagation of hydraulic fractures tended to stop and pass through natural fractures. When the angle was small, hydraulic fractures tended to activate natural fractures, or both activate and pass through them. (4) The perforation inclination angle was positively correlated with the fracture deflection angle. The effect of injection rate on fracture area had an optimal upper limit. A greater temperature difference between fracturing fluid and formation more easily generated tensile fractures and resulted in a lower fracture initiation pressure.

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4

塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带差异构造样式及其对地应力分布的影响

Differential structural styles and their influence on in-situ stress distribution in Kelasu tectonic belt, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

【摘要】随着全球能源需求的持续增长，深层—超深层油气勘探开发已成为油气工业的热点领域。中国塔里木盆地库车坳陷深层—超深油气资源丰富，但受强构造挤压作用影响，区内构造样式复杂、地应力分布差异显著，给油气勘探开发带来巨大挑战。为明确克拉苏构造带构造变形规律及其主控因素，揭示构造—应力耦合关系对油气富集的控制作用，优化深层—超深层油气勘探策略和提高开发效率，以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带为研究对象，通过构造剖面分析和数值模拟，探讨其不同区段构造样式特点、影响因素及地应力响应特征。研究结果显示，克拉苏构造带不同区段构造样式和地应力分布存在显著差异。西部阿瓦特段因强烈挤压形成“双层楼”式逆冲推覆构造，表现出高角度断层两端应力值高的强挤压特点；东部克深段则以冲起构造和叠瓦构造为主，呈现出断层顶部和冲起构造底部应力集中的强滑动应力模式；博孜—大北段盐上构造以宽缓向斜为特征，盐焊接构造发育，盐下冲起构造广泛分布，具有局部应力集中现象。基于动力学数值模拟，对断层摩擦系数、挤压缩短量和断层倾角等影响因素进行了定量分析，认为挤压缩短量和断层倾角是造成构造样式和现今地应

【Abstract】With the continuous growth of global energy demand, deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and development have become key areas in the oil and gas industry. The Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin, China, is rich in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources, but it is affected by intense tectonic compression, leading to complex structural styles and significant variations in in-situ stress distribution, posing major challenges to oil and gas exploration and development. This study aims to clarify the structural deformation patterns and their main controlling factors in the Kelasu tectonic belt, reveal how structure and stress coupling influences hydrocarbon accumulation, optimize strategies for deep and ultra-deep exploration, and improve development efficiency. Taking the Kelasu tectonic belt in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin as the research object, this study explored the characteristics of structural styles, influencing factors, and in-situ stress response characteristics in different segments through structural profile analysis and numerical simulation. The results showed that there were significant differences in structural styles and in-situ stress distribution among different segments of the Kelasu tectonic belt. The western Awate segment developed a "double-layer" thrust-nappe structure under intense compression, exhibiting strong compressional characteristics with high stress values at both ends of the high-angle faults. The eastern Keshen segment was dominated by pop-up and imbricate thrust structures, exhibiting a stress concentration pattern indicative of significant fault slip, with stress concentrated at the tops of faults and the bases of pop-up structures. The Bozi-Dabei segment was characterized by broad and gentle synclines in suprasalt structures, with well-developed salt welds and widely distributed subsalt pop-up structures, accompanied by localized stress concentration. Based on dynamic numerical simulations, a quantitative analysis was conducted on influencing factors, including fault friction coefficient, shortening amount, and fault dip angle. It is concluded that shortening amount and fault dip angle are the main controlling factors causing differences in structural styles and current in-situ stress distribution.

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5

塔里木盆地中—下寒武统膏盐岩成岩演化及对盐下储层发育的影响

Diagenetic evolution of gypsum-salt rocks of Lower and Middle Cambrian in Tarim Basin and its impact on subsalt reservoir development

【摘要】塔里木盆地中—下寒武统膏盐岩是制约盐下深层—超深层油气勘探成败的关键封盖层，但其成岩演化过程及对储层孔隙发育的影响机制尚不明确，制约了勘探部署。基于岩心薄片观察、钻测井资料，结合前人研究成果综合分析，系统研究并厘定了膏盐岩岩石类型、空间展布规律及成岩演化特征，进而探讨了其与盐下储层孔隙保存的耦合关系。结果表明：(1)膏盐岩岩性以膏岩、盐岩及含膏/膏质云岩为主，膏岩呈纹层状、块状，盐岩呈块状，含膏/膏质云岩呈条带状、透镜状，平面上以巴楚—塔中地区为聚盐中心，厚度向外逐渐减小，纵向分布上表现出下寒武统厚度小、中寒武统厚度大的演变特征。(2)膏盐岩具有复杂的成岩历史，可划分为三个阶段：同生期萨布哈环境的石膏结核与白云石化；埋藏期的石膏—硬石膏转变，该过程极大提升了岩石致密性；晚期构造作用下发生塑性流动形成致密封盖体。(3)机制分析表明，中寒武统巨厚膏盐岩形成的封闭体系，能有效阻隔中—深埋藏阶段外部成岩流体活动，显著抑制储层的压溶—胶结作用，是盐下早期原生和次生孔隙得以保存的主控因素。研究结果深化了对蒸发岩盖层控储机制的认识，为深层—超深层油气勘探提供了地质指导。

【Abstract】The gypsum-salt rocks of the Lower and Middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin are the critical cap rocks controlling the success of deep to ultra-deep subsalt hydrocarbon exploration. However, their diagenetic evolution and the influencing mechanisms on reservoir pore development remain unclear, thereby constraining exploration deployment. Based on core thin-section observations, drilling and logging data, and integration of previous research findings, the lithological types, spatial distribution patterns, and diagenetic evolution characteristics of the gypsum-salt rocks were systematically identified. The coupling relationship between these characteristics and reservoir pore preservation in subsalt reservoirs was further investigated. The results showed that: (1) The lithology of the gypsum-salt rocks was predominantly composed of gypsum rock, salt rock, and gypsum-bearing/gypsiferous dolostone. The gypsum rock exhibited laminated and massive structures, the salt rock was massive, and the gypsum-bearing/gypsiferous dolostone formed banded and lenticular structures. In planar view, the Bachu-Tazhong area served as the salt accumulation center, with thickness gradually decreasing outwards. The vertically distribution exhibited evolutionary characteristics of thinner strata in the Lower Cambrian and thicker strata in the Middle Cambrian. (2) The gypsum-salt rocks experienced a complex diagenetic history, which could be divided into three stages: syngenetic gypsum nodule growth and dolomitization in a sabkha environment; gypsum-to-anhydrite transformation during burial, which significantly enhanced rock densification; and plastic flow under late-stage tectonic stress, forming a dense sealing caprock. (3) Analysis of mechanisms revealed that the closed system formed by the thick gypsum-salt rocks of the Middle Cambrian could effectively block external diagenetic fluid activity during the mid-to-deep burial stages, significantly suppressing pressure dissolution and cementation in the reservoirs. This was the primary controlling factor for the preservation of early primary and secondary pores in the subsalt reservoirs. The research findings deepen the understanding of the reservoir-controlling mechanisms of evaporite cap rocks and provide geological guidance for deep to ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration.

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《石油实验地质》创刊于1963年，是一份报道我国油气普查、勘探及开发成果，反映我国石油地质与工程领域研究水平的学术性、技术性刊物。本刊紧密结合我国石油工业的发展战略，以石油工业上游所涉及的油气勘探的热点、难点问题为重点进行报道和分析，同时重点报道国内外油气实验测试的最新技术和方法。读者对象为国内外石油天然气地质专业的科技工作者及在校学生等。常设有4个栏目：盆地油藏、石油地球化学、方法技术和流固耦合。

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