监护权怎么确定？

“我爸最近吃得少了，是不是身体出问题了？”
“我妈走路越来越慢，是不是老化太快了？”

家里有老人，这些问题是不是听着就熟悉？健康这事儿，不像打开水龙头那样一转就明白。尤其是老年人，身体的“信号灯”一多，一不注意就迷路。

咱们今天不聊玄的、不讲虚的，单刀直入。国家卫健委早就给出了一套判断老年人是否健康的“9大标准”。这不是坊间传说，也不是哪个“专家”拍脑袋想出来的，而是有据可查，有据可依。话不多说，咱们一条一条地，掰开揉碎了讲。

“能吃能睡能走动”，这真不够

很多人觉得，老年人只要能吃饭、睡觉、走两步，就算身体不错了。唉，这种想法，和用听诊器听牛叫差不多——用错了工具，看错了方向。

健康老年人的标准远远不止于“活着”这一个维度。2023年《中华预防医学杂志》上刊出的一项研究指出，老年人的健康必须同时满足生理、心理、社会适应这三大层面。

活得久不等于活得好。要是每天坐在沙发上，电视一开一整天，腿脚不利索、情绪低落、社交断联，那就不是健康，是“慢性消耗”。

“9大标准”不是玄学，是科学

国家卫健委发布的《老年人健康评估指南》中明确列出了9个标准，听上去像是考试题，但每一条都和生活的点点滴滴有关。

比如“行走速度需≥0.8米/秒”，这不是叫你去跑步，而是让你明白：走得慢，不一定是老了，可能是肌少症的前奏。肌肉流失，就像家里漏水，开始只是一点点，时间长了，地板都泡发了。

再比如“能完成日常6项基本生活活动”，这6项是啥？穿衣、如厕、洗澡、吃饭、上下床、走动。听起来像是小事，但一旦有一项做不到，那就是功能退化的标志。别等着摔一跤才警觉，那就晚了。

别小瞧“握力”，它是身体的晴雨表

你知道吗？握力其实是老年人健康的风向标。《柳叶刀·老年医学》的一项跨国研究发现，握力的强弱和全身肌肉质量、心肺功能、认知能力都有显著关联。

换句话说，握力一弱，可能是身体大厦开始松动的第一个缝隙。

怎么样测试？拿个小握力器，或者让老人握住你手用力捏一下，如果像捏棉花一样没劲儿，那就得注意了。别忘了，手上的劲儿，是全身“劲道”的缩影。

吃得少不是“清淡”，可能是“营养不良”

很多老年人饭量减了，家人还说“爸你吃得少好，清淡养生”。老年人的味觉和嗅觉会随年龄下降，对食物不感兴趣，是营养摄入不够的信号。

营养不良不是瘦才有，很多人肚子大、腿细，就是“隐性营养不良”。蛋白质、钙、维生素D这些常被忽视，但它们才是身体的“砖瓦”，缺了，身体就像房子垮了一角。

有研究指出，60岁以上人群中，近30%存在不同程度的蛋白质摄入不足。不是不想吃，是食欲差、牙不好、消化慢。

怎么办？炖点软烂的豆腐鸡蛋羹、蒸个鱼、来点奶酪，补得上、吸收好，比吃饭大碗更重要。

“老来瘦”不等于健康，别再误会了

老年人瘦点好？有人还真信了这“老话”。但《世界卫生组织》指出，体重过低的老年人患病率、死亡率显著增高。尤其是BMI低于18.5的长者，发生跌倒、骨折、免疫力下降的风险飙升。

别再说什么“你妈太胖了不健康”，体重保持在合理范围（BMI20-25）才是王道。瘦得皮包骨，哪是健康？那是“营养枯竭”。

心情好不好，其实是个“硬指标”

别以为精神状态是“看不见”的指标。在老年健康的9个标准中，情绪状态赫然在列。常年郁郁寡欢、容易发脾气、对什么都兴趣缺缺，这些都可能是老年抑郁症的早期信号。

《中华精神科杂志》2024年的一项调查显示，我国60岁以上老年人群中，抑郁症患病率约为17.3%，而其中超过一半从未接受过治疗。

老伴走了、孩子忙、朋友圈散了，老年人的孤独不是矫情，是慢性“心病”。

多陪他们聊聊天、陪他们跳跳广场舞、喊他们一起做顿饭，这些看起来“琐碎”的互动，才是最有效的心理营养

老年人“记性差”？别一笑了之

“我妈又把钥匙忘锅里了。”
“爸今天出门忘带手机，说着说着就走神。”

很多人以为这是“正常老化”，但其实——记忆力衰退未必是老天爷安排的事儿，它可能是阿尔茨海默病的前哨站。

认知功能下降，是“9大健康标准”之一。记忆、语言、注意力、判断力，每一样都不是“可有可无”。不要等到“叫不出孩子名字”那天，才奔赴医院。

想延缓认知衰退？除了饮食、睡眠、锻炼，还有一个被忽略的关键——持续学习。哪怕是每天看两张报纸、学几句新歌、背背歌词，脑子动了，退化就慢。
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“社交圈”才是长寿圈

一个人活得久，不是因为吃了什么灵丹，而是因为他还有人陪、有事做、有话聊

社交功能，是老年健康的重要一环。哪怕只是每天去菜市场聊几句、在楼下遛狗碰见熟人，“人气”在，生命力就不容易断线

有研究发现，社交频率高的老年人，患心脑血管疾病和认知障碍的风险显著降低。别小看邻里之间的寒暄，那不是闲聊，是“社会纽带”。

“会管理慢病”，才是真的健康

糖尿病、高血压、冠心病——这些听着熟？对老年人来说，这些慢病不是“意外”，而是“常态”。但关键不在于有没有，而在于管得住管不住

国家标准中明确提出，健康的老年人必须能够“自我管理慢性病”。不是说你非得把血糖降到完美，而是你知道怎么吃、知道什么时候吃药、知道身体哪儿不舒服要警觉。

这就像开车——不是不许你上高速，而是你得看得懂仪表盘、踩得住刹车

写在最后的絮叨

说到底，判断老年人是不是健康，不是看他吃得饱、睡得香，而是看他全身协调得好不好。肌肉有没有、记忆在不在、心情稳不稳、生活能不能自理，这些都是“健康拼图”的一角。

如果你家有老人，别只关注他有没有去医院体检，而是多留心他走得快不快、吃得香不香、笑得真不真。