AI演员“出道”引起争议，好莱坞：来抢饭碗吗？

近来，“AI演员蒂莉·诺尔伍德即将‘出道’”的新闻搅动了整个好莱坞。并不存在于现实世界的她，成为媒体、从业者、网友议论的焦点。

Hollywood has a new "hopeful" by the name of Tilly Norwood — not a human actor, but rather a synthetic creation made with AI.

据美国全国公共广播电台（NPR）等报道，此前，在苏黎世国际电影节上，英国AI制作公司Particle6创始人兼首席执行官艾琳·范德尔凡尔登宣布，公司旗下一位名为蒂莉·诺尔伍德的“AI演员”即将“出道”并签约经纪公司。据称，他们目标直指让Tilly成为下一个“斯嘉丽·约翰逊”或“娜塔莉·波特曼”。

After Particle6 announced at the Zurich Film Festival the launch of a new AI talent studio, its founder and CEO Eline Van der Velden said in an interview that her company was in discussions with talent agencies about signing Tilly Norwood, calling the AI "the next Scarlett Johansson or Natalie Portman."

图源：Instagram截图

早在今年7月，Particle6曾推出由诺尔伍德“主演”的搞笑短片，并为她申请了社交媒体账号，打造具有亲和力的“人设”。在Instagram上可以看到，截至10月24日，诺尔伍德有6.5万粉丝。

图源：Instagram截图

为了给诺尔伍德打造拟人的性格，Particle6不仅使用了Sora、ChatGPT等主流AI工具，还研发AI人格引擎让她能自主响应，在商业层面也有代言、游戏植入、粉丝互动等一系列策划。

Particle6 studio behind the AI avatar, released a light-hearted video teaser about her in July. And Norwood's Instagram page includes headshots and an advertisement spoofing programs, including being superimposed on the often-star-studded couch on BBC's The Graham Norton Show.

诺尔伍德“出道” 搅动好莱坞

据BBC等报道，美国影视演员协会-美国电视和广播艺术家联合会（SAG-AFTRA） 发表声明对此表示坚决反对。

声明指出：“诺尔伍德不是演员，而是一个计算机程序生成的角色，该程序未经允许、也没有补偿，就利用无数专业演员的表演成果进行训练。她没有人生经验，没有情感。观众对脱离人类体验的虚拟内容并不买账。这样的角色并没有解决问题，反而制造了问题：它窃取演员表演，威胁到他们的工作，伤害生计，并贬低人类艺术的价值。”

Norwood "is not an actor, it's a character generated by a computer program that was trained on the work of countless professional performers," the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, or SAG-AFTRA, said in a statement.

"It has no life experience to draw from, no emotion and, from what we've seen, audiences aren't interested in watching computer-generated content untethered from the human experience," the union said.

"It doesn't solve any 'problem' — it creates the problem of using stolen performances to put actors out of work, jeopardizing performer livelihoods and devaluing human artistry," the union said.

据美国《综艺》（Variety）报道，即便SAG-AFTRA和美国编剧工会一直推动合同保障，防止演员被AI取代，但演员们依然担忧诺尔伍德来“抢饭碗”，甚至说是“砸饭碗”。

知名演员纷纷发声，金球奖影后艾米丽·布朗特惊呼：“完了，我们真的全完蛋了（Good Lord, we're screwed）！”许多好莱坞从业者也公开表达了反对意见。

图源：BBC报道截图

据美国《综艺》报道，Particle6公司成立于2015年，近几年转型产出AI内容，创始人范德尔凡尔登原是一名喜剧演员和视频博主。

Particle6 has been around since 2015, but it has turned itself into an AI production company over the past three years.

Van der Velden, the founder and CEO, got her start as a sketch comedian and YouTube creator. A theme of her work is human discomfort.

面对批评，范德尔凡尔登在诺尔伍德的Instagram主页上发帖回应：“她不是人类替代品，而是一件艺术创作。”范德尔凡尔登表示，“她能引发讨论，正说明了创造力的力量。”

Amid the anger and backlash in Hollywood, the Dutch creator posted on Tilly's Instagram page to say that the creation is "not a replacement for a human being, but a creative work –a piece of art".

"Like many forms of art before her, she sparks conversation, and that in itself shows the power of creativity."

图源：Instagram截图

AI演员引发肖像权及版权担忧

据CNN报道，近年来，好莱坞演员、编剧、导演及业内从业者持续发出警告：他们的作品在未经许可或补偿的情况下被用于训练人工智能模型，而这些AI最终可能被用来制作电影、电视剧或广告，无需再向人类创作者支付报酬。

Hollywood actors, writers, directors and others in the industry have raised alarms for years that their work was used to train AI models without consent or compensation and could then be used to make movies, TV shows or commercials without paying human creatives.

据英国《苏格兰人报》（the Scotsman）报道，一名苏格兰演员称自己的形象被用于打造诺尔伍德，相关组织将为她提供相关支持，采取行动抗议科技公司与娱乐公司，未经许可在AI内容中使用其会员的肖像、形象及声音。

A Scottish actor has claimed her image has been used in the creation of an AI digital character taking Hollywood by storm.

“My trade union, Equity, is supporting me in this master and have approached the producer on my behalf, I hope that greater transparency and care for actors can be achieved so that these concerns are dealt with.”

图源：《苏格兰人报》报道截图

不过，据美国《综艺》报道，一些AI创作者、创业者认为，“诺尔伍德要签约”更像是一个炒作噱头，目前AI角色尚未真正威胁到真人演员的工作机会。

在动画工作室“不可见宇宙”首席执行官崔希亚·比乔看来，“正是听说有经纪人居然会把AI演员作为客户，这才引发众怒。”

"Tilly Norwood is not coming for anyone's job anytime soon in a Hollywood movie," says Bryn Mooser, founder of Asteria, an AI film studio based in Los Angeles.

"I think that's exactly what has triggered people," says Tricia Biggio, co-founder and CEO of AI animation studio Invisible Universe. "For agents to represent AI-generated characters as clients feels outrageous."

图源：Instagram截图

与其他AI生成的虚拟人物相比，诺尔伍德的形象和技术上并无过多新颖之处，好莱坞这些年也不乏使用技术特效“虚构”演员、“复刻”经典的案例。

据美国CNBC近日报道，最新版的OpenAI Sora 2应用程序，只需用户输入提示词就能免费生成短视频。

图源：CNBC报道截图

而在美国“对话”网站看来，这种由程序生成的“演员”只是表面看上去像人类，但缺乏演员最需要的“人性”。

The "actor" is programmable and usable. It looks human but is, at its core, deficient. And will always remain so. Because what makes an actor is that ineffable thing: humanity.

“AI”勇闯娱乐圈，你怎么看？欢迎来评论区留下你的想法。

来源：21世纪英文报

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