词义辨析之Fraud、Deceit和Deception

Fraud、Deceit和Deception在法律语境中均有“欺诈”之意。

Fraud：A knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his or her detriment. Fraud is usu. a tort, but in some cases (esp. when the conduct is willful) it may be a crime.

Fraud表示“欺诈”时，多为民事侵权行为，但也可是犯罪。

insurance fraud 保险欺诈；诈骗保险金

financial fraud 金融诈骗

accounting fraud 假帐；做假账

economic fraud

anti-fraud 反欺诈

Deceit：A fraudulent and deceptive misrepresentation, artifice, or device, used by one or more persons to deceive and trick another, who is ignorant of the true facts, to the prejudice and damage of the party imposed upon.

Deceit表示“欺诈”时，多为一种可予起诉的民事侵权行为，指故意以虚假陈述或因无知传播虚假陈述使他方当事人相信，从而导致他方当事人遭受损失之违法行为。

Deception：Deception is the act of deceiving someone or the state of being deceived by someone.

Deception表示“欺诈”时，语气较弱，一般用词，侧重于具体的骗人行为。在英国法上指一种犯罪，指不诚实地获得他人财产，或利用语言或行为或意思表达以获得金钱上的好处。

参考双语例句：

China elaborated on the adoption of legislative decisions and the strengthening of anti-terrorism efforts, including through the establishment of legal definitions of terrorist activities, organizations and their members by reference to the international conventions to which China had acceded; the adoption of a multi-pronged approach to the prevention and punishment of economic fraud; the progress made in the field of prevention of crimes against children and the strengthening of the protection of their rights; the promotion of international cooperation to combat corruption; the strengthening of criminal justice assistance to combat transnational organized crime effectively; the improvement of online security to enhance capacity to prevent and combat cybercrime; and the amendment of legislation to extend the scope of legal aid from trials only to pretrial proceedings and to cases where the suspect might face a sentence of life imprisonment.

中国详细介绍了通过立法决定和加强反恐工作的情况，包括为此参照中国已经加入的国际公约而确定了有关恐怖主义活动、恐怖主义组织及其成员的法律定义；在预防和惩治经济欺诈问题上采取多头出击的做法；在预防侵害儿童行为的犯罪和加强保护其权利方面取得进展；推动开展打击腐败行为的国际合作；加强为有效打击跨国有组织犯罪提供刑事司法援助；改进网上安全以加强预防和打击网络犯罪的能力；并修订相关法规，将法律援助的范围从仅仅涉及审判阶段扩大至也包括审判前阶段以及嫌疑犯可能面临无期徒刑的案件。

According to the amendment, if a person has committed human trafficking with purpose to gain benefit or exploitation by using force or force with such, deceit, and while capitalizing on victim’s vulnerability, and recruited, transported, transferred, sheltered and accepted others, then the person shall be punished accordingly.

根据该修正案，若某人为谋利或剥削的目的，通过武力或类似手段及欺骗，利用受害者的弱点贩运人口，并招募、运送、转移、容留或接纳他人，应予依法惩处。

However, other cases of bribery in the private sector could possibly fall under other provisions of the Penal Code, such as corporate crimes, some offences relating to the market and consumers (such as the discovery or disclosure of commercial secrets) or alteration of free market prices resulting from violence, threat or deception, or fraud.

但私营部门中的其他贿赂案有可能属于《刑法典》其他条款的管辖范畴，比如公司犯罪、与市场和消费者有关的一些犯罪（如公开或披露商业秘密）或通过暴力、威胁、 欺骗或欺诈，变更自由市场价格。

来源：译问