当熊猫饲养员是什么体验？陪玩、喂食也不简单......

在四川卧龙中国大熊猫保护研究中心，生活着一群大熊猫的守护者。他们要给熊猫宝宝冲奶粉、喂奶、打扫粪便，还要陪玩、拉架。

饲养员张新星就是其中一员。

“它现在和人类幼崽一样，像小宝宝一样，它就会想和你互动，想和你玩。我们带它们感觉就像……又像朋友又像小孩子。”

It's the same as a human baby. It wants to interact with you and play with you. When we take care of them, they feel like friends and children at the same time.

熊猫宝宝圆滚滚的，让人看了好想抱抱。但是，熊猫其实很凶猛的。

张新星说，熊猫宝宝的乳牙只啃得动竹笋，对饲养员构成不了威胁。但是，等到它们两岁多换完牙，再长出犬牙，咬合力变得特别强，饲养员就要和它们保持距离，避免被抓伤、咬伤。

Panda cubs’ baby teeth can only nibble bamboo shoots, so they aren’t a threat for breeders. But when they reach two years old and have grown permanent teeth and canine teeth, they have strong bite force. Breeders need to keep a distance with them to avoid being scratched or bitten.

虽然贵为国宝，但是大熊猫曾濒临灭绝。在七八十年代，因为经济快速发展的需求，林地被大量砍伐，大熊猫的数量急剧下降。

Despite being the national treasure, giant pandas were once on the verge of extinction. During the 1970s and 1980s, the giant panda population decreased dramatically due to deforestation driven by rapid economic development.

经过四十年的保护工作，野生大熊猫的数量显著增加，已经从八十年代的1114只增加到现在的1864只。2016年，世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）将大熊猫的受威胁程度等级由“濒危”降为“易危”。

After four decades of conservation, the population of giant pandas in the wild has recovered considerably, up from 1,114 in the 1980s to 1,864 today. In 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature downgraded the giant panda's status from "endangered" to "vulnerable".

清华大学环境学院副研究员刘雪华认为，中国在大熊猫保护方面做得非常成功。

“熊猫保护的成功一方面是大熊猫栖息地的保护成功，另外一方面我觉得也是对熊猫物种本身各个方面的研究达到了一定的程度，使得我们对于熊猫的保护，熊猫的习性，它的各方面的生理都有了更深入的了解，才能够对物种的保护起到更正面的一个作用。”

China’s success in protecting pandas can be divided into two parts. One is the success in protecting panda’s habitat. The other is that the comprehensive research on pandas provides us with a deep understanding of the panda’s habits and physiology, which plays a positive role in protecting the species.

中国目前有67个大熊猫保护区，对大熊猫实行相对严格的保护，杜绝人为干扰。

China has 67 panda reserves, providing strict protection to pandas and preventing human interference.

除了建立保护区和对熊猫进行研究，大熊猫的野化放归工作也发挥了重要作用。

Apart from building reserves and researching pandas, China’s efforts to reintroduce pandas into the wild have played a key role.

中国大熊猫保护研究中心卧龙核桃坪基地的饲养员何胜山就是参与野化放归工作的一员。

他说，现在采用的野化培训主要是通过母兽带崽的方式，就是一个熊猫妈妈带着一个熊猫幼崽在野化环境中学习成长。

Wild training is realized by a panda mother taking care of and teaching one cub in the wild.

“野化放归分为两个阶段。第一个阶段是从幼崽出生到一周岁，幼崽跟随熊猫妈妈掌握基本的野外生存技能。一周岁之后，我们会将它转移到第二阶段野化培训圈当中，它的面积比第一阶段大个100倍，在这个过程当中学习独立寻找食物、（学会）空间利用、识别躲避危险的一些能力。”

The wild training is divided into two phases. From birth to one year old, panda cubs follow their mothers to master basic survival skills. After they reach their first birthday, we will transfer the pandas to a field for the second phase of wild training. The living area is 100 times larger than the first. During this process, the pandas will learn to search for food by themselves, master space usage and recognize and avoid dangers.

培训和放归主要是针对熊猫幼崽。母兽相当于人类和熊猫幼崽之间的桥梁，人是间接地培训熊猫幼崽。饲养员会为熊猫妈妈佩戴检监测设备，对幼崽的生长发育进行监测。

The subject of the training and reintroducing is panda cubs. Panda mother serves as a bridge between breeders and cubs. Breeders train the cubs through their mother. They will put some monitor equipment on panda mother to observe the cub’s growth and development.

相对于圈养的熊猫，野化放归培训的熊猫幼崽对人的警惕性非常强，活动能力也比较强。

Compared with captive pandas, cubs that went through wild training and were reintroduced into the wild have a strong sense of vigilance toward human beings and have strong mobility.

何胜山说：“我们从野化培训与放归工作开展以来，我们总共是放归了11只大熊猫，在野外目前存活是9只。”

Since the start of this work, we have released a total of eleven giant pandas and currently nine are living in the wild.

保护大熊猫不仅是保护一种动物的命运，更是保护生物多样性和生态平衡的重要举措。

清华大学环境学院副研究员刘雪华说：“大熊猫是一个伞物种，从保护学上我们还讲它是一个旗舰物种，因为熊猫是一个分布在中国四川、甘肃和陕西很大这样一个纬度范围，所以它的这样一个森林环境里面居住着很多的生命，包括动物包括植物，所以我觉得把这样一个大范围的环境保护好了，其实就保护了一个很高层次的生物多样性了。”

The giant panda is an umbrella species, and we also say it is a flagship species in terms of conservation. Because pandas are distributed in a large area across Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, the forest environment where pandas live is also home to many other species, including animals and plants. So I think by protecting such a large-scale environment, we have actually protected a very high level of biodiversity.

北京大学生命科学学院野生动物保护专家王大军认为，生物多样性还有一种美学价值。

“我生活在这个世界上，我希望有更多的动物、更多的生物跟我生活在一起，这样的世界本身就是更美好的。”

I live in this world, and I hope more animals and creatures live with me. This kind of world is better, and it's valuable to my life.

生物多样性对于维持所有的生态系统至关重要，为人类生存奠定了基础。地球生物多样性持续恶化，但大熊猫的故事为我们未来建设可持续发展、生机勃勃的地球带来一线希望。

Biodiversity is essential to sustain all ecosystems, and lays the foundation for human survival. As the planet's biodiversity is on the decline, the story of the giant panda is a ray of hope for us to build a sustainable, vibrant planet well into the future.

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出品人‍：纪涛 韩蕾

总监制‍：雷小峋 张春燕‍

统筹：王建芬

记者：闫东洁

旁白：OWEN THOMAS FISHWICK

文字：江巍 马驰

鸣谢单位

国家林业和草原局

中国大熊猫保护研究中心

北京大学

清华大学

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