妊娠母猪的饲养

应部分读者要求，现将昨天原文及翻译文章汇编如下

Over the last several decades there have been several suggestions on how to feed the gestating sow, and recently several of those practices have been debunked and have actually shown to have more detrimental effects than they do beneficial effects.

I think part of the reason we have been making these discoveries is that we now have a greater understanding of the sows’ physiological processes.

在过去的几十年，有一些关于如何喂养妊娠母猪的理论，最近其中一些做法被证明是无效的，甚至还有负作用。

我认为做出这些发现的部分原因是我们现在对母猪的生理过程有了更深入的了解。

For starters, one main theory that has been backed up by several studies is that the sow prioritizes the requirements of the fetus over her own nutritional requirements during late gestation.

首先，有几项研究支持的一个主要理论是，母猪在妊娠后期优先考虑胎儿的需求，而不是她自己的营养需求。

Over the last 20 years, there have been several studies that have fed more feed during various stages of gestation, however, there was little to no differences in these studies. One study done by Buitrago et al. (1974) showed that there was no statistical difference in average piglet birth weight when feeding gestating sows 1.5 vs 2.4 kg per day during late gestation. However, bump feeding, the practice of increasing the amount of feed given to sows in late gestation, is still practiced by some swine producers.

在过去的20年里，有几项研究在妊娠的不同阶段饲喂了更多的饲料，然而，这些研究几乎没有差异。Buitrago等人（1974）的一项研究表明，在妊娠后期每天喂养妊娠母猪1.5kg和2.4kg时，仔猪平均出生体重没有统计学差异。然而，一些养猪户仍然在实行攻胎喂养，即增加妊娠后期喂料量的做法。

There have been several studies as well that have shown that bump feeding has little and often no effect on the birth weight of the piglets. This again reinforces the theory stated earlier, because the sow is already giving the fetus the nutrients that it requires by metabolizing nutrients from her own body, so any extra nutrients that are fed are only going to affect the weight of the sow, not the litter.

也有一些研究表明，攻胎喂养对仔猪的出生体重几乎没有影响，而且通常也没有影响。这再次强化了前面所说的理论，因为母猪已经通过代谢自己身体的营养来为胎儿提供所需的营养，所以任何额外的营养只会影响母猪的体重，而不是窝仔重。

Not only will bump feeding cost you a lot more with higher feed costs, but it can actually have a detrimental effect on the sow as well. Since she is fatter, she will tire faster during labor thus increasing the number of stillborns. It has been shown that fat sows have higher pre-weaning mortality.

这不仅会增加饲养成本，而且实际也会对母猪产生不利影响。由于她更肥胖，她在分娩时更容易疲劳，从而增加死胎的数量。研究表明，肥胖母猪在断奶前的死亡率更高。

A study by Thomas et al. (2018) showed that though increasing the lysine amount during late gestation did not increase birth weight, it did reduce the number of stillborn piglets. This again reinforces the fact that fat sows tire faster during labor, but a more muscular sow will have greater endurance, thus potentially increasing the number of pigs born alive. Studies have consistently shown that the more you feed the sow during gestation, the less feed she will eat during lactation resulting in her losing more weight during lactation which is not good.

Thomas等人（2018）的一项研究表明，虽然在妊娠后期增加赖氨酸量并没有增加出生体重，但它确实减少了死产仔猪的数量。这再次验证这样一个事实，即肥母猪在分娩时更容易疲劳，但肌肉更发达的母猪会有更大的耐力，从而可能增加活着出生的猪的数量。研究一致表明，你在妊娠期间给她喂得越多，她在哺乳期吃的饲料就越少，导致她在哺乳期体重减轻得越多，这其实并不科学。

We did a study back in 2016 that showed that increasing lysine during late gestation had no effect on the birth weight of the piglets, however, increasing energy intake while keeping amino acids fixed from about an equivalent of 4 lb (or 1.8 kg; 4.5 Mcal NE/day) to 6 lb (or 2.7 kg; 6.75 Mcal NE/day) increased birth weight by about 30 grams. We theorize that this slight increase in birth weight will rarely translate into a larger weaning weight as it is most likely due to increased glycogen reserves which will be quickly burnt up shortly after birth. Now let's think of a scenario that which this weight gain did follow through to market, and increased survival rate... when we ran economics we also saw that it was economically not beneficial due to the increased feed costs offsetting the economic profits from the increased performance.

2016年我们的团队曾经做过一个研究，该研究表明，在妊娠后期增加赖氨酸对仔猪的出生体重没有影响；然而，当保持氨基酸含量不变，把能量水平从大约相当于4磅饲料（或1.8公斤；4.5 Mcal NE/天），提高到6磅饲料（或2.7公斤；6.75 Mcal NE/天），可以增加出生体重约30克。

我们推测，初生重的这种轻微的增加很少会转化为更大的断奶体重，因为初生重的增加很可能是由于仔猪糖原储备增加，而糖原储备在出生后不久就会迅速燃烧殆尽。我们现在来想象一个场景，即使这部分增加的体重最终一直被延续到了出栏，以及增加了存活率。。。但是，当你回头来计算投入产出的时候，你会发现这并不合算，因为饲料成本的增加抵消了性能提高带来的经济利润。

Now... I do not know what you love in life... but I love The Sow Caliper.

The caliper developed by Dr. Mark Knauer is not perfect, but it does a wonderful job of estimating the body condition of the sow. There are always too many opinions and no one knows who is right. Using the caliper forces the production systems to have "one opinion" - backed by science by the way, so not really an opinion ;

现在我不知道你们的爱好……但我喜欢使用母猪卡尺。

由马克·克瑙尔博士开发的卡尺并不完美，但它在估计母猪的身体状况方面做得很好。总有太多的意见，没有人知道谁是对的。使用母猪卡尺迫使生产系统有“一个意见”——顺便说一下，要有科学数据支持，所以不一定是唯一正确的。

Consistency is king.

一致性才是王道。

We can use that information to save money by feeding fat sows less feed to decrease body condition which will not affect the litter during late gestation.

One last thing to keep in mind, younger females have a higher amino acid requirement than older sows. Whenever possible, feeding separate diets by parity category (gilts, P1, and P2 versus P3+) can help save money by more accurately meeting the requirements of the animals and not overfeeding the sows.

我们可以利用这些信息来降低成本，通过喂养母猪减少饲料，以减少身体状况，这不会影响妊娠后期的母猪。

最后一件要记住的事情是，年轻的头胎母猪比年长的母猪需要更高的氨基酸需求。在可能的情况下，按胎次类别(母猪、P1、P2和P3+)分别喂养饲粮，可以更准确地满足动物的要求，而不是过度喂养母猪，从而帮助节省资金。

That is all I had. Any thoughts?

Have a great weekend,

Marcio

这就是我想说的一切。各位有什么想法吗？

祝你周末愉快，

马西奥

资料来源：pig site

网址：Feeding the gestating sow | The Pig Site