22考研外刊阅读《自然》双语精读版训练--蓝天碧水的明天，从终结化石能源补贴开始

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上期翻译答案

An unprecedented Pacific Northwest and Canadian heat wavehitthis summer, which a previous study showed couldn't have happened without human-caused climate change.

今年夏天，一股来自西北太平洋和加拿大的前所未有的热浪袭击了美国，此前的一项研究表明，如果没有人为造成的气候变化，该热浪是不会发生的。

1.unprecedented：never having happened before, or never having happened so much

《本期内容》

导读

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能源系统中普遍存在补贴，广义上人们认为它是指任何使1)消费者接受的价格低于市场价格;或2)生产者接受的价格高于市场价格;或3)降低消费者和生产者成本的措施。

双语阅读

Fossil-fuel subsidies are one of the biggest financial barriers hampering the world’s shift to renewable energy sources. Each year, governments around the world pour around half a trillion dollars into artificially lowering the price of fossil fuels — more than triple what renewables receive. This is despite repeated pledges by politicians to end this kind of support, including statements from the G7 and G20 groups of nations.

化石燃料补贴是阻碍世界向可再生能源转变的最大财政障碍之一。每年，世界各地政府在人为降低化石燃料价格的投入约达5000亿美元，是可再生能源收到补贴的三倍多。尽管包括七国集团(G7)和二十国集团(G20)在内的政界人士一再承诺要停止这种补贴，但情况依然如此。

Change is possible. At least 53 countries reformed their fossil-fuel subsidies between 2015 and 2020, according to the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI), a research group in Geneva, Switzerland. And US President Joe Biden is the latest high-profile politician tovowto eliminate them. But much more needs to be done. “In the next few years, all governments need to eliminatefossil fuelsubsidies,” the International Energy Agency (IEA) says in a 2021 report laying out a road map to a world with net-zero carbon emissions.

改变是有可能实现的。根据位于瑞士日内瓦的研究组织全球补贴倡议的数据，在2015年至2020年期间，至少有53个国家对化石燃料补贴进行了改革。美国总统乔·拜登是最近一位高调宣称誓要取消燃料补贴的政治家。但还有很多工作要做。国际能源署在2021年的一份描绘实现世界净零碳排放路线图的报告中表示:“未来几年，所有政府都需要取消化石燃料补贴。”

Fossil-fuel subsidies generally take two forms. Production subsidies are tax breaks or direct payments that reduce the cost of producing coal, oil or gas. These are common in Western countries and are often influential in locking in infrastructure such as oil pipelines andgas fields, says Bronwen Tucker, an analyst in Edmonton, Canada, at Oil Change International, a non-profit research organizationheadquarteredin Washington DC that works to reveal the costs of fossil fuels.

化石燃料的补贴通常有两种形式。其一是通过减税或直接拨款进行的生产性补贴，降低煤炭、石油或天然气的生产成本。加拿大埃德蒙顿的分析员布朗温·塔克任职于总部设在华盛顿特区的非营利性研究组织“石油变革国际”，他表示，这些补贴在西方国家很常见，而且在控制石油管道和天然气田等基础设施方面往往很有影响力，该组织工作主要是披露化石燃料的成本。

Consumption subsidies, meanwhile, cut fuel prices for the end user, such as by fixing the price at the petrol pump so that it is less than the market rate. These are more common in lower-income countries — in some, they help people to get clean cooking fuel they couldn’t otherwise afford. In others, such as the Middle East, the subsidies are sometimes regarded as helping citizens to benefit from a country’s endowment of natural resources, says Michael Taylor.

翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~这在低收入国家更为常见--在这些国家，这种方式可以帮助人们获得他们本来负担不起的清洁厨用燃料。迈克尔·泰勒说，在其他国家，如中东地区，燃料补贴有时是一种帮助公民获取国家富饶的自然资源便利的方式。

The IEA and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), anintergovernmentalbody in Paris, estimate that 52 advanced and emerging economies — representing about 90% of global fossil-fuel supplies — gave subsidies worth an average of US$555 billion each year from 2017 to 2019. This dipped to $345 billion in 2020 only because of lower fuel consumption and declining fuel prices during the COVID-19 pandemic .

国际能源署和经济合作与发展组织(经合组织，一个位于巴黎的政府间组织)估计，从2017年到2019年，52个发达和新兴经济体——约占全球化石燃料供应的90%——每年提供的补贴额平均达到5550亿美元。2020年这一数字降至3450亿美元，但这不过是因为新冠病毒疫情期间化石燃料消耗量和燃料价格出现了下降。

本文节选自：Nature（自然）

发布时间：2021.10.20

作者：Jocelyn Timperley

原文标题：Why fossil fuel subsidies are so hard to kill

词汇积累

1.vow

• 英 /vaʊ/美/vaʊ/

• n. 誓言；郑重宣布;许愿

  vt. & vi. 起誓, 发誓；郑重宣告

  2.headquarter

• 英/'hɛd'kwɔrtɚ/美/ˈhɛdˈkwɔrtɚ/

• vi. 设总部
  

  vt. 将…的总部设在；把…放在总部里

  3.intergovernmental

• 英/ˌɪntəgʌv(ə)n'ment(ə)l/美/ˌɪntɚˌɡʌvənˈmɛntl/

• adj. 政府间的

词组搭配

1.fossil fuel 矿物燃料，化石燃料

2.gas fields 天然气田

写作句总结

Fossil-fuel subsidies are one of the biggest financial barriers hampering the world’s shift to renewable energy sources.

结构:sth.1 be one of the biggest barriers hampering sth.2

sth.1是阻碍sth.2的最大障碍之一

例句:Lack of cognition is one of the biggest barriers hampering personal development.

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