“崴”花灯：昆明人的美丽乡愁 The Beautiful Pastime of the Kunming People

An'an Songmi: a traditional festive lantern opera. By Huang Xiaosong

传统花灯剧《安安送米》。黄晓松摄

Performed in the Kunming dialect, the Festive Lantern Show (Huadeng) in Yunnan is often associated with “Wai-style” (a special rhythm and type of movement) singing and dancing performances, and will be staged throughout all parts of Kunming for every important festival. This style of singing and dancing, which is unique to the area, has long been a staple of Kunming residents and their childhoods for generations, and is regarded as a beautiful pastime of the Kunming people.

花灯，以昆明话为表演方言，配合着具有“崴味”的歌舞表演，每当重要节日都会在昆明各地上演，具有强烈地方特色的歌舞形式伴随着一代代昆明人的美好童年，是属于昆明人的美丽乡愁。

The Kunming Festive Lantern Show is composed of three parts: Festive Lantern Singing, Festive Lantern Dance, and Festive Lantern Opera. Festive Lantern Singing and Operas are primarily performed in the Kunming dialect, which is delicate and tactful. This dialect thus requires the singer to perform in a unique “Lantern-style” i.e. “Wai-style”. “Wai-style” is not only a skill which the singer possesses, but the very essence of the show itself. The “Wai-style” gives the audience a window into the mountains, rivers, and people of Yunnan. If there is a song, there must be a dance. The Festive Lantern Dance typically uses a fan or a handkerchief as the main prop. "Wai" is a major feature of the Festive Lantern Dance as well as the main rhythm behind it. It is divided into Zhengwai (a special movement of Festive Lantern Dance), Fanwai (Zhengwai done in reverse), Xiaowai (Zhengwai on a small scale), and Tiaodianbu (moves with small-scale jumps). Music seen in the Festive Lantern Show mostly consists of popular folk songs, with regular, light, vigorous, and dynamic accents as well as accompanying dancing and strong movement. As long as the music is being played, the actors will move along with it, be it lively, leisurely, or passionate and unrestrained.

昆明花灯由花灯歌、花灯舞、花灯戏三部分组成。花灯歌、花灯戏以昆明话发音为主，细腻委婉、清新甜亮，歌唱者一定要有“灯味”，即“崴味"。“崴味”既是歌者的技巧，也是味的所在，听众从“崴味”中能真切感受云南的山水人情。有歌必有舞，花灯舞一般以扇子或手帕为主要道具。“崴”是花灯舞的一大特点，也是花灯舞的主要动律，分为正崴、反崴、小崴、跳颠步。花灯音乐多属小调，音节规整、轻快、跳荡、动感强，只要音乐一响，演员会随之崴动，有的活泼跳荡，有的悠然自得，有的热情奔放。

Festive lantern operas express landscapes and cultural elements. By Huang Xiaosong

传递云南山水人情的花灯戏。黄晓松摄

Festive Lantern Shows first appeared in Kunming during the Ming Dynasty, and featured popular folk songs of the Han ethnic group being sung. Many tunes have distinct characteristics of inland culture. The tunes are mostly Jiangnan folk songs, including Hunan Flower Drum Opera, Jiangxi Tea-picking Opera, Jiangsu Huangmei Opera, Fujian Mountain Folk-song Opera, and other local folk songs and popular tunes. In the process of integration with ethnic minority cultures, a large number of ethnic minority tunes and dances were absorbed, and the songs that were being sung gradually transformed from simply those of the Han ethnic group into a more comprehensive form folk art in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.The evolution of the Festive Lantern Show reflects the integration of traditional Han opera culture and the folk culture of ethnic minorities.

花灯进入昆明最早是以传唱明代汉民族的小调出现的，许多曲牌都具有鲜明的内地文化特点。曲调多为江南小曲，有湖南花鼓戏、江西采茶戏、江苏黄梅戏、福建山歌戏和各地的俗曲、杂调和民歌小调。在与少数民族文化的融合过程中，从最初的传唱汉族小曲到明末清初的曲艺演唱阶段，进而与当地少数民族的舞蹈相结合，吸收了大量的少数民族曲调。花灯的发展过程体现了汉民族的戏曲文化与少数民族民间文化的融会贯通。

Lantern art has taken root in its native soil and spread across the countryside. By Huang Xiaosong

花灯艺术扎根乡土、广泛流传。黄晓松摄

In Kunming, the early performances of Festive Lantern Shows were combined with Huihuo (aka. Shehuo, a traditional celebration by the Han people meant to bring in the Spring Festival) during the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival, and were organized by the Denghui (aka. Dengban, the troupe performing Festive Lantern Shows). Before the performance, a ceremony to welcome the Lantern God would be held, and the steward would send lantern-invitations across the land. The performance team would come out carrying various lanterns written with various characters wishing for peace, favorable weather for crops, and harmony and prosperity amongst the people. As they congratulated those who had received lantern invitations, they were followed by a variety of performances including the Guoshanhao (a special instrument of Sichuan and Yunnan), a Wen-wu Band, a lion and dragon dance team, a martial arts juggling team, stilts, dry boats, donkey-running, a Yanglao drum and rattle stick dance performance, as well as characters in makeup performing Snipe and Clam Fighting, Big Head Baby Plays with Liu Cui, and other plays. This form of performance was also known as a Congratulation Lantern Show, and because it is performed while walking, the people also referred to them as Street-crossing Lantern Shows.

在昆明，花灯早期的演出与会火（社火）结合，在春节、元宵期间活动，由灯会（灯班）组织。演出前要举行“迎灯神”仪式，并由管事向各处投送灯帖。演出队伍由写有“太平花灯”“风调雨顺”“国泰民安”字样的各形彩灯领队，依次是过山号和文武乐队，狮灯龙队、武术杂耍队、高跷、旱船、跑驴、秧佬鼓、霸王鞭及彩妆的剧中人物扮成“鹬蚌相争”“大头宝宝戏柳翠”等故事沿途表演，并向接了灯帖的人家祝贺。此种演出形式亦称“贺灯”，由于边走边演，群众称之为“过街灯”。

A lantern opera. By Du Wenlei

花灯剧《梭罗花开》演出现场。杜文蕾摄

开枝散叶的花灯文化

The Prosperous

Festive Lantern Show Culture

“Wai” festive lantern show has continued to mature, innovate, and spread along with the development of culture. Nowadays, Kunming lantern culture has taken root in its native soil, where abundant nutrients have allowed it to flourish.

“崴”花灯随着文化发展不断成熟、创新，并广泛流传。如今，昆明花灯文化扎根乡土，养分丰沛，枝繁叶茂。

A lantern opera stage. By Du Wenlei

花灯戏舞台现场。杜文蕾摄

盘龙 Panlong

Longtou Village, Panlong District, was a rural market in the northern suburbs of Kunming during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Because Kunming people referred to the act of going to the market as “going to the street”, Longtou Village was also called Longtou Street.

盘龙区龙头村在明、清时期是昆明北郊的农村集市，因昆明人把“赶集”叫做“赶街”，所以龙头村又称龙头街。

A lantern exhibition and performance. File photo

花灯展演。资料图

Longtou Village is located in a main traffic road, and the Festive Lantern Drama Song and Dance also prospered here with the people coming and going. At that time, it was called a Dustpan Lantern Show (as the square where it was performed looked like a dustpan). It was more common in the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, during which Chen Ding recorded the Festive Lantern Show much like Laodeng did in his Journey to Yunnan and Guizhou: “Every Spring Festival in Yunnan, there is bound to be throngs of people gathering in the village to sing and dance. The singing is accompanied with stringed instruments, Sheng (a reed pipe wind instrument), and flute, and it is a most popular sound enjoyed amongst the people. The dancing is guided by drums, and while it is simple, it is also quite meaningful.”

龙头村地处交通要道，花灯歌舞也随着来往的人而兴盛起来，当时叫簸箕灯。到清顺治年间已较普遍。清顺治陈鼎《滇黔游记》就对老灯这样的花灯表演有所记载：云南各地，每届春节必多就村场聚集多人，而对而歌而舞。歌时从弦，索笙笛，声尤靡靡可听。舞则导之以鼓，朴朴通通，饶有意味。

The folk lantern show. File photo

民间花灯表演。资料图

The main forms of the Festive Lantern Show in Longtou Village include Festive Lantern Opera, Festive Lantern Drama (Xiaoxi), Festive Lantern Drama Song and Dance, as well as Dian opera arias singing and Qu Opera. The main repertoires are Chasing the Light, A Piece of Cake, and On the Road to Market. During the Republic of China period, Festive Lantern Show artists represented by Li Yongnian emerged one after another, absorbed the novel forms of Festive Lantern Shows from other areas (Yuxi), and improved the traditional Festive Lantern Shows. The Festive Lantern Show in Longtou Village has also been reformed, innovated, and passed on from generation to generation without interruption.

龙头村花灯表演形式主要有花灯剧、花灯小戏、花灯歌舞，以及滇剧清唱和曲剧等。主要剧目有《追灯》《一块蛋糕》《赶集路上》。民国时期以李永年为代表的花灯艺人相继兴起，并吸收了外地（玉溪）花灯的新颖形式，对传统的花灯进行了改良，龙头村的花灯也在改革中推陈出新，代代相传，从未间断。

官渡 Guandu

The Festive Lantern Singing activities in Guandu District have a long history and a broad fanbase. There is a saying that “if smoke is coming from the chimney, chances are you’ll find a Festive Lantern Show there”.

官渡区的花灯演唱活动源远流长，有广泛的群众基础，素有“有烟囱冒烟的地方就有花灯”的说法。

The Festive Lantern Show culture has spread across the countryside in Guandu District, and is known as both “farmer art” and local culture. During the holidays, no festive atmosphere is complete without singing or acting from the Festive Lantern Show. It has become an indispensable part of the festive and cultural life of the people in Guandu.

花灯文化在官渡区广泛流传于农村，有“农民艺术”“乡土文化”之称。逢年过节，不唱灯、不演戏就没有喜庆年节的气氛，花灯演出已成为官渡百姓年节文化生活中不可缺少的一部分。

A troupe of Guandu countryside actors perform a lantern opera. File photo

官渡乡村戏班表演花灯剧。资料图

Located in the ancient town of Guandu, the Guandu Dian Opera Festive Lantern Show Promotional Center uses the people themselves and schools to inherit, protect, and pass on Festive Lantern Show performance art. The promotional center invites well-known artists from across the province to perform, and also organizes fan shows as well as various kinds of Dian Opera Festive Lantern Show training, performances, competitions, and other activities.

坐落在官渡古镇的官渡滇剧花灯传习馆古渡梨园，以民间传承和学校传承等方式，对花灯进行挖掘、保护和传承。传习馆邀请全省知名艺人前来表演，还组织票友汇演、各类滇剧花灯培训、调演、比赛等活动。

呈贡 Chenggong

The Chenggong Festive Lantern Show is the most influential of the seven branches of Festive Lantern Shows in Yunnan, and Chenggong therefore enjoys the reputation being the “hometown of the Festive Lantern Show”.

呈贡花灯是云南花灯七大支系中影响较大的一支，呈贡也因此享有“花灯之乡”的美誉。

The Chenggong Festive Lantern Show originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and was formed in the middle and late Qianlong period. Because of its development being earlier than the other popular Yuxi Festive Lantern Show, the Chenggong Festive Lantern Show is also called Laodeng (the older Festive Lantern Show). It mainly consists of Ming and Qing folk songs, and features the unique Bei-gong (falsetto) singing method. The relatively popular Festive Lantern Show music Noisy before Dawn, Qingping Jade, Golden Niusi, Hanging from the Branch, etc. which were popular in the Ming and Qing dynasties have been preserved intact.

呈贡花灯大约源于明末清初，形成于乾隆中后期，因其发展早于当地流行的另一支玉溪花灯，故又有“老灯”之称。它以明清小曲为主要音乐，以特有的背宫演唱法为特色，清新明亮，较流行的花灯音乐《闹五更》《清平玉》《金纽丝》《挂枝儿》等为明清时尚小曲，至今保存完整。

Chenggong Festive Lantern Shows are distributed in all villages in Chenggong District, so much so that it is said every single one of Chenggong’s 60 villages has their own Festive Lantern Show. Before the liberation of China, Chenggong folk Festive Lantern Show activities were mostly carried out during temple fairs, agricultural off seasons, and the Spring Festival, where it would reach its peak. There was a saying among the common people that “if there is no Festive Lantern Show during the Spring Festival, the horses and cattle will get sick or die.”

呈贡花灯在呈贡区各村都有分布，民间俗称“呈贡60村，村村有花灯”。解放前，呈贡民间的花灯活动多在年节、庙会和农闲展开，春节期间达到高峰，民间有“过年不唱灯，牛死马遭瘟”的说法。

A Dian opera fans club on the lantern festival. File photo

滇剧花灯票友会。资料图

Today’s Chenggong Festive Lantern Show is on the rise. A number of outstanding Festive Lantern Show teams such as Chenggong University for the Elderly Festival Lantern Art Troupe, Disabled Federation Xihaha Art Troupe, Xiakele Mud-foot Art Team, Dounan Festive Lantern Show Team, and more are active on the mass stage and are deeply loved by the people.

如今的呈贡花灯方兴未艾，呈贡老年大学花灯艺术团、残联嘻哈哈艺术团、下可乐泥脚杆文艺队、斗南花灯队等一批优秀的花灯艺术团队活跃在群众舞台，深受百姓喜爱。

嵩明 Songming

“Young girls sing big dramas, old women with little feet dance big dragons. I sing, you sing, and he will sing as well. Men and women, old and young, all are happy.” Every time there is an important festival, you will hear bursts of Festive Lantern Show tunes as soon as you step into the boundary of Xiaojie Town, Songming County.

“年轻姑娘唱大戏，小脚老奶舞大龙；我唱你唱他也唱，男女老少乐融融。”每逢重要节日，一踏进嵩明县小街镇的地界，耳边就会传来阵阵花灯曲调声。

Xiaojie Town was formed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. It is a gathering place for Festive Lantern Show culture as well as lion dance culture. It is known as the first town where Festive Lantern Shows were seen in central Yunnan. “Laughter when looking up, laughter when looking down, laughter everywhere. Pretend to be a modern person, pretend to be from long ago, and pretend to be all figures. I sing, you sing, and he will sing. I dance, you dance, and he will dance.” This couplet is a prime example of the Xiaojie people’s obsession with the Festive Lantern Show.

小街镇形成于明朝末年，是花灯文化、舞狮文化的集萃地，被誉为“滇中花灯第一镇”。“望上笑，望下笑，望上望下笑望笑；装今人，装古人，装今装古人装人，我唱你唱他也唱，我跳你跳他也跳。”这副对联充分反映了小街人对花灯的痴迷。

Lantern performance pictures. File photo

花灯表演剧照。资料图

In Xiaojie, whenever the Huqin, gongs, and drums sound, fans will stop and admire it. People in Xiaojie have a deep love and understanding of the Festive Lantern Show. Since Songming County first held the Festive Lantern Show Square Dance Competition in 2013, the village committees of Xiaojie have actively organized teams to participate and have done exceedingly well in all four competitions. In particular, during the 2017 Songming County 4th Annual Festive Lantern Show Square Dance Competition, Xiaojie Town organized six teams to participate in the competition, all of which won prizes in the final. The Xiaojie Neighborhood Committee Representative Team took part in Kunming City’s 4th Annual Migrant Workers’ Cultural Festival on behalf of Songming County and ended up in first place. They also won the first prize in Yunnan Province’s 4th Annual Migrant Workers’ Cultural Festival.

在小街，每当胡琴锣鼓声响起，戏迷便会驻足欣赏。小街人爱花灯、懂花灯，自2013年嵩明县举办花灯广场舞比赛以来，小街镇各村委会便积极组队参加，在四届比赛中均获得优异成绩。尤其是在2017年嵩明县第四届花灯广场舞比赛中，小街镇组织6支队伍参赛，均在决赛中获奖，小街居委会代表队更是以第一名的优异成绩代表嵩明县参加了昆明市第四届农民工文化节，并获一等奖，随后又在云南省第四届农民工文化节中荣获一等奖。

转自：看昆明

作者/来源：昆明嵩明发布

声明：版权归原创所有，转载此文是出于传递更多信息之目的。若有来源标注错误或侵犯了您的合法权益，请与本网联系，我们将及时更正、删除，谢谢。