跟短语动词一目了然的构造方式不同，其他短语的构造方式灵活多变，经常有人被莫名其妙的短语所困惑，原因是没有把它们当作一个整体来看，若当作一个整体来看时，它们就相当于具备某个或多个词性的单词，那么就可以各司其职了，比如 as a result.
一、as a result
As a result 是一个介词短语，相当于 as a consequnce，那么怎么使用呢？我们可以把它当作与 so，thus，herefore，hence，consequently，accordingly 类似的连接副词来单独使用，意为“结果，因此”，常置于句首，且用逗号与后面的句子隔开，例如：
This is turning into a pretty bad snowstorm. As a result, all fights have been canceled.
这将演变成一场相当严重的暴风雪。结果，所有的战斗都被取消了。
As a result, the bad thing has been turned into a good one.
结果坏事变成了好事。
当 as a result 置于句中时，常与 and 连用，而且关于逗号的取舍是公说公有理婆说婆有理，例如：
他迟到了，（结果）没赶上公共汽车。
a. He was late; he didn't catch the bus.
b. He was late. He didn't catch the bus.
c. He was late; as a result, he didn't catch the bus.
d. He was late. As a result, he didn't catch the bus.
解析：这三句中的描述都是严谨的表达，没有任何语法错误。
e. He was late, as a result, he didn't catch the bus.
解析：as a result 作为连接副词，很多人认为它是一个附加的信息，既然是附加的，那么前后用逗号与句子隔开也无可厚非，但是去掉附加信息的句子就变成了逗号连接句了，因此此种写法不严谨。
f. He was late and as a result he didn't catch the bus.
解析：不用逗号与前后的句子隔开，似乎句子看起来更顺畅；当如果 as a result 是附加的信息的话，那么句子就变成 He was late and he didn't catch the bus，很明显它有点冗余，因为前后句子是同一个主语，应该用 and 连接两个动词组成复合谓语，句子就变成：He was late and didn't catch the bus，但缺少了结果的味道。
g. He was late, and as a result, he didn't catch the bus.
解析：and 与 as a result 搭配成复合连接副词，用逗号与前后隔开貌似也是情理之中；当如果 as a result 是附加的信息的话，那么句子就可以省略变成 He was late, and, he didn't catch the bus，很明显句子已经支离破碎了。
h. He was late, and as a result he didn't catch the bus.
解析：不用逗号把 and as a result 与后面的句子隔开也是连接副词常用的用法，类似于 hence 等副词，例如：
Everyone wanted to bowl, hence everyone wanted to open a bowling alley.
大家都想玩保龄球，因此大家都想开保龄球馆。
当如果 as a result 是附加信息的话，那么句子省略后就变成 He was late, and he didn't catch the bus，这种写法也有缺陷，因为用逗号 隔开 and 并列句的前提是前后两个句子的主语不一样，而句中的两句的主语都是 he.
i. He was late and, as a result, he didn't catch the bus.
解析：若 as a result 是一个附加的信息，那么省略后的句子就变成 He was late and, he didn't catch the bus，“句子流”被切断了。
综上所述，个人觉得最严谨且不会造成困惑的表达方式应该是最前面三句 a，b，c 和 d.
二、as a result of
As a result of 相当于 because of，是一个复合介词；同理我们可以把它当作一个表原因的介词来使用，后面必须接名词成分，可以置于句首或句末作状语，用来表示由于已经发生的某事产生某种结果，例如：
As a result of the accident, he was out of work for three months.
由于那次事故，他失业了三个月。
As a result of the heavy fog, flights have been delayed.
由于雾太大，所有航班都延误了。
As a result of the rape of the forests, parts of the country are now short of water.
由于森林遭到破坏，目前该国的部分地区水源短缺。
Many seabirds died as a result of the oil spill.
许多海鸟死于这次石油泄漏。
Her reputation suffered a mortal blow as a result of the scandal.
这一丑闻毁了她的名声。
三、as a result 和 as a result of
As a result 相当于副词，可以独立使用，多作结果状语；而 as a result of 相当于介词，不能独立使用，后面必须接名词成分才能在句中作状语，多作原因状语。
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