除了撒盐，还有哪些除冰的方法？

伴随着降温，新一轮的寒潮天气来了。

早晨顶着寒风出门，不仅要做好保暖，还要时刻担心脚下的路面有没有结冰，否则分分钟马路变冰场，而在冰上狼狈“起舞”的，不是冰刀小王子，而是还没睡醒的你自己。

图片来源：Veer图库

结冰给我们生活的方方面面带来诸多不便，因此，除了机械破冰、加热融化、撒盐化冰等主动防冰手段，人们提出了一个全新的构想：能否设计这样一种固体材料，它的表面即使没有人为的干预，暴露在低温下也不会附着冰层，从而一劳永逸地解决结冰带来的种种烦恼？也就是所谓的“被动防冰”。

这一目标初听起来像是天方夜谭，但事实上，还真可行。

优劣并存的超疏水材料：想防冰先向荷叶学习

过冷水滴落在倾斜的超疏水表面（图C）上后会迅速弹起，从而使得固体表面长时间保持不结冰状态；相反，常规的亲水表面（图A）和疏水表面（图B）在相同条件下都会迅速被冰层覆盖。最右图为电子显微镜下看到的超疏水表面上的微观结构，标尺为10微米。图片来源：参考文献[5]

从“滚”到“滑”：这次学学猪笼草

将普通的铝的表面（上）经过处理转化成SLIPS表面（下）后，低温下固体表面结冰的过程大大延缓。即便最终冰仍然会在SLIPS表面形成，升温后也较为容易除去。（图片来源：参考文献）

用水来抗冰？科学家将天方夜谭变为现实

图A：“低界面韧性表面”的防冰效果既优于普通的固体表面（左），也超过了传统的防冰表面（中）；图B：用低界面韧性表面涂层处理后的铝板在室外的防冰测试。 （图片来源：参考文献）

参考文献

[1] P. Zhang, F.Y. Lv, “A Review of the Recent Advances in Superhydrophobic Surfaces and the Emerging Energy-related Applications”, Energy, 2015, 82, 1068

[2] Minglin Ma, Randal M. Hill, “Superhydrophobic Surfaces”, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 2006, 11, 193

[3] Thieery Darmanin and Frédéric Guittard, “Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Properties in Nature”, Materials Today, 2015, 18, 273

[4] Michael J. Kreder et al. “Design of Anti-Icing Surfaces: Smooth, Textured or Slippery?”, Nature Review Materials, 2016, 1, 1

[5] Lidiya Mishchenko, “Design of Ice-free Nanostructured Surfaces Based on Repulsion of Impacting Water Droplets”, ACS Nano, 2010, 4, 7699

[6] S. A. Kulinich et al. “Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Are They Really Ice-Repellent?”, Langmuir, 2011, 27, 25

[7] Tak-Sing Wong, “Bioinspired Self-Repairing Slippery Surfaces with Pressure-Stable Omniphobicity”, Nature, 2011, 477, 443

[8] Philseok Kim et al. “Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces with Extreme Anti-Ice and Anti-Frost Performance”, ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 6569

[9] Konrad Rykaczewski et al. “Mechanism of Frost Formation on Lubricant-Impregnated Surfaces”, Langmuir, 2013, 29, 5230

[10] Jing Chen et al. “Robust Prototypical Anti-icing Coatings with a Self-lubricating Liquid Water Layer between Ice and Substrate”, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2013, 5, 4026

[11] Renmei Dou et al. “Anti-icing Coating with an Aqueous Lubricating Layer”, 2014, 6, 6998

[12] Kevin Golovin et al. “Low–interfacial Toughness Materials for Effective Large-scale Deicing”, Science, 2019, 364, 371

文章来源：科普中国网