【精品推荐】吉州窑木叶盏赏析

吉州窑是宋代江南地区著名的瓷器窑场之一，其烧造的瓷器品种繁多、特色鲜明，其中一类以木叶纹装饰的瓷器别具特色，本文就来介绍一件南宋吉州窑黑釉木叶纹盏。该盏高5.3厘米、口径15.5厘米，敞口，束颈，深腹，浅圈足。盏内外通体施黑釉，釉面较光亮，底足露胎，显灰黄色胎体。这件小盏最大的特点是盏内壁装饰一片完整的木叶纹，叶脉清晰可见，叶边还有些许窑变釉。

Jizhou kiln is one of the famous porcelain kilns in jiangnan area of song dynasty. The porcelain produced by jizhou kiln is of various varieties and distinctive features. Among them, one type of porcelain decorated with wood leaf patterns is distinctive. It has a height of 5.3 cm, a diameter of 15.5 cm, an open mouth, a girdle neck, a deep abdomen and a shallow round foot. The inner and outer parts of the calices are covered with black glaze. The glaze surface is brighter. The biggest feature of this small vessel is that the inner wall of the vessel is decorated with a complete grain of wood leaves, the veins of the leaves are clearly visible, and there are some changes of glaze in the leaves.

据清代蓝浦《景德镇陶录》载：“吉州窑，宋时吉州永和市窑，即今之吉安府卢陵县。”历史上吉州窑窑址的位置是很明确的，解放后当地文物部门也对窑址进行了多次调查、发掘，吉州窑的面貌已比较清晰。吉州窑创烧于五代时期，主要烧造酱釉瓷和白釉瓷，北宋时烧青白釉、白釉、黑釉和绿釉瓷，但产量均不大。南宋时期是吉州窑最繁盛的时代，品种主要有黑釉、酱釉、青釉、白釉、白地褐彩、绿釉等，其中产量最大、最具特色的是黑釉瓷器。

According to the qing dynasty lampu "jingdezhen tao lu" : "jizhou kiln, song jizhou kiln yonghe city, namely the present ji 'an government luling county. Historically, the location of the kilns in jizhou is very clear. After the liberation, the local cultural relics department has conducted many investigations and excavations on the kilns, and the appearance of the kilns in jizhou has become clear. Jizhou kiln was created and fired in the five dynasties period, mainly producing paste glaze porcelain and white glaze porcelain. In the northern song dynasty, blue white glaze, white glaze, black glaze and green glaze porcelain were burned, but the output was not large. Southern song dynasty is the most prosperous period of jizhou kiln, the varieties mainly include black glaze, paste glaze, blue glaze, white glaze, white ground brown color, green glaze, etc., among which the largest output, the most characteristic is black glaze porcelain.

众所周知，北宋时期福建建窑的黑釉瓷盏闻名天下，同时北方河南很多窑场也烧造黑釉盏。宋代黑釉盏大量出现，究其原因是当时斗茶风尚的流行。宋徽宗赵佶就曾在其茶学专著《大观茶论》中说：“盏色贵青黑，玉毫条达者为上。”北宋著名书法家蔡襄也在其茶学著作《茶录》中说：“茶色白，宜黑盏。建安所造者绀黑，纹如兔毫，其坯微厚，熁之久热难冷，最为要用。”南宋吉州窑的黑釉盏，风格上继承了北宋建盏的特点，比如盏形大体呈斗笠形。另外，吉州窑黑釉瓷器不仅产量大，而且装饰技法多种多样，有剪纸贴花、木叶纹、玳瑁釉、剔釉填绘等。下面重点来介绍“木叶纹”。

As is known to all, the black glaze porcelain calyx of fujian kilns in the northern song dynasty is famous all over the world. Meanwhile, many kilns in northern henan also made black glaze calyx. A large number of black glaze cup appeared in song dynasty, which was due to the popularity of tea fighting. Zhao ji, emperor huizong of the song dynasty, once said in his treatise on daguan tea: "the color of the cup is expensive and the color of the cup is green and black, and the color of the cup is jade." CAI xiang, a famous calligrapher in the northern song dynasty, also said in his tea book "tea records" : "the color of tea is white, but the color should be black. Take made purple black, lines such as TuHao, the billet thickness, 熁 long hot to cold, most want to use." The black glaze calyx of jizhou kiln in the southern song dynasty inherited the characteristics of the built calyx in the northern song dynasty in style, such as the general calyx in the form of a hat. In addition, jizhou kiln black glaze porcelain is not only large output, and a variety of decorative techniques, such as paper-cut decals, wood leaf patterns, tortoise-shell glaze, glaze and so on. The following highlights to introduce the "wood leaf pattern."

木叶纹装饰的做法是：在器物拉坯成形后，将一片树叶贴放在器物表面，之后施釉入窑烧造。经过窑火、高温，树叶便基本被烧毁，但树叶的纹理会清晰地显现在釉面里，形成优雅、逼真的木叶纹。吉州窑木叶纹装饰，一般多见于茶盏的内壁，在浅黑的釉地上装饰一片深秋的黄叶，充满悠远的意境。所以有人说：“这是一片飘落于宋人饮食器具中的叶子，更是历史飘落的智慧。这是陶工们在劳作生息中用心灵与自然融合的境界美，是简约单纯的艺术美。”而从已知瓷器窑址发掘情况来看，只有吉州窑采用木叶纹装饰，可以说在中国陶瓷史上它也是独树一帜的。

The practice of wood leaf grain decoration is: after the casting of the artifacts, a leaf paste on the surface of the artifacts, after the glaze into the kiln. After the kiln fire, high temperature, the leaves will be basically burned, but the texture of the leaves will clearly show in the glaze, the formation of elegant, realistic wood leaves. Jizhou kiln wood leaf grain decoration, generally seen in the inner wall of the tea cup, in the light black glaze floor decoration of a late autumn yellow leaves, full of distant artistic conception. So someone said: "this is a piece of falling in the song people eating utensils in the leaves, is the history of falling wisdom. This is the potter in the work of life and rest with the soul of the natural fusion of the realm of beauty, is simple and simple artistic beauty. According to the excavation of the known porcelain kiln site, only the jizhou kiln adopts wood leaf pattern decoration, which can be said to be unique in the history of Chinese ceramics.

吉州窑产品中还有一类剪纸贴花产品，与“木叶纹”有着异曲同工之妙。它是将剪纸出的形状贴放于器表，施釉后入窑烧造，在窑火中剪纸被烧去，而剪纸的纹饰却留存在釉层内，这便是有趣的剪纸贴花装饰。剪纸贴花来源于民间艺术，而木叶纹则源于生活实践，吉州窑工匠们别具匠心地将这些运用到瓷器装饰上，可谓构思新颖，创意独特，是中国陶瓷艺术中的一朵奇葩。

Jizhou kiln products also have a class of paper-cut applique products, and the "wood leaf pattern" has the same wonderful. It is the shape of the paper cut paste on the table, after the glaze into the kiln, the paper cut is burned in the kiln fire, and the paper cut decoration is retained in the glaze layer, this is an interesting paper cut decal decoration. Paper-cut decals come from folk art, while wood leaf patterns come from life practice. The craftsmen in jizhou kiln applied these to porcelain decoration with ingenuity, which is a wonderful work of Chinese ceramic art with novel and unique ideas.