11. Avogadro's hypothesis

2023年2月6日 1272观看

Physics II

大学课程 / 物理化学

共362集 36万人观看

1Introduction
05:41
2Basic Concepts
06:46
3Atomic theory of matter - 1
05:20
4Atomic theory of matter - 3
05:23
5Thermal equilibrium & temperature
08:27
6Equilibrium state
06:10
7The gas laws - 1
05:04
8The gas laws - 3
05:05
9Absolute temperature
08:10
10The Ideal gas law
07:59
11Avogadro's hypothesis
03:14
12Volume at STP (Example 1)
06:33
13Bubble in a lake (Example 2)
05:10
14Two tubes (Thinking)
08:45
15Introduction
02:10
16Ideal gas model
05:29
17Pressure in the gas (1)(2)(3)
09:26
18Pressure in the gas (1)(2)(3)
06:47
19Pressure in the gas (1)(2)(3)
06:58
20Pressure in explosion
05:20
21Molecular interpretation of temperature
03:08
22Molecular kinetic energy
08:55
23Mean speed and rms speed
05:01
24Distribution of molecular speeds
06:07
25Maxwell distribution of speeds
05:15
26Shape of the curve
07:05
27Average speed
06:38
28Three statistical speeds
03:09
29Using f (v)
07:40
30Real gases
07:52
31Mean free path
09:50
32Van der Waals equation
05:38
33Collision frequency
06:40
34Diffusion
06:45
35Thermal processes
08:29
36Heat as energy transfer
04:16
37Internal energy - 1
06:43
38Internal energy - 3
06:41
39The first law of thermodynamics
07:03
40Calculating the work
06:54
41Heat in process (Example 1)
07:28
42Three simple processes
08:24
43Adiabatic process
05:39
44Cyclic process (Example 2) - 1
06:46
45Cyclic process (Example 2) - 3
06:52
46Specific heat
06:42
47Molar specific heat
09:21
48Degrees of freedom & Review - 1
07:46
49Degrees of freedom & Review - 3
07:52
50Equipartition of energy
07:49
51Active DoF & Cv
09:54
52Energy in gas system
08:15
53Isobaric molar specific heat CP
09:31
54Adiabatic equation
08:38
55Some Questions - 1
06:44
56Some Questions - 3
06:49
57Isobaric & adiabatic - 1
05:31
58Isobaric & adiabatic - 3
05:30
59Free expansion
06:43
60Heat Transfer
04:46
61Introduction
08:31
62Heat engines
08:57
63Engine efficiency
08:46
64Calculation of Efficiency - 1
06:24
65Calculation of Efficiency - 3
06:21
66Reversible & irreversible processes
07:40
67Carnot engine
09:15
68Carnot’s theorem
03:09
69nd law of thermodynamics (1)(2)
09:41
70nd law of thermodynamics (1)(2)
03:32
71False advertising (Example 2)
05:16
72Equivalence of two statements
03:45
73Refrigerator & Heat pump
06:49
74Entropy (1)(2)(3)
09:10
75Entropy (1)(2)(3)
04:57
76Entropy (1)(2)(3)
05:58
77Mixing water
07:09
78Free expansion
08:51
79Entropy Increase Principle
06:42
80Time’s arrow
04:41
81Order to disorder (1)(2)
04:12
82Order to disorder (1)(2)
07:30
83Living beings & entropy
06:38
84Introduction - 1
06:16
85Introduction - 3
06:13
86Electric charge
07:52
87Coulomb's law (1)(2)
05:54
88Coulomb's law (1)(2)
05:06
89Electric field - 1
05:11
90Electric field - 3
05:11
91Properties of electric field
04:38
92Electric equilibrium (Example 1)
08:45
93Continuous charge distribution
04:29
94A line of charge (Example 2) - 1
09:40
95A line of charge (Example 2) - 3
09:40
96A plane of charge (Question) - 1
06:44
97A plane of charge (Question) - 3
06:47
98Uniform charged ring - 1
08:54
99Uniform charged ring - 3
09:00
100Uniform charged disk - 1
05:48
101Uniform charged disk - 3
05:45
102Electric dipoles (1)(2) - 1
05:23
103Electric dipoles (1)(2) - 3
05:21
104Electric dipoles (1)(2)
06:23
105Dipole in external field - 1
05:38
106Dipole in external field - 3
05:34
107Vibrating charge
03:16
108Field lines
04:16
109Properties of field lines
07:38
110Electric flux (1)(2) - 1
05:27
111Electric flux (1)(2) - 3
05:27
112Electric flux (1)(2)
07:58
113Examples of electric flux
07:56
114Gauss's law
05:51
115Validity of Gauss's law (1)(2)
05:30
116Validity of Gauss's law (1)(2)
04:27
117Explanations of Gauss's law - 1
06:30
118Explanations of Gauss's law - 3
06:32
119Applications of Gauss's law
07:54
120Spherical shell (Example 1)
09:42
121Uniformly charged sphere - 1
05:07
122Uniformly charged sphere - 3
05:09
123Holey sphere
06:52
124Uniformly charged long cylinder - 1
08:21
125Uniformly charged long cylinder - 3
08:25
126Conductor in external field
08:03
127Charges on Conductor - 1
05:56
128Charges on Conductor - 3
05:58
129E nearby conductor surface
08:05
130Electrostatic shielding
03:08
131Flat metal plates
04:26
132Introduction - 1
06:19
133Introduction - 3
06:24
134Electric potential energy
05:39
135Electric potential & potential difference
04:52
136Zero point
03:37
137Properties of electric potential
02:22
138Calculation of electric potential
03:33
139Potential of electric dipole (Example 1)
06:16
140Charged conductor sphere (Example 2) - 1
06:36
141Charged conductor sphere (Example 2) - 3
06:36
142Uniformly charged rod (Example 3)
04:23
143Charged ring
06:53
144Conical surface (1)(2)
02:54
145Conical surface (1)(2)
06:36
146Electrostatic induction - 1
07:33
147Electrostatic induction - 3
07:39
148Breakdown voltage
08:43
149Equipotential surfaces
06:22
150Some examples
07:45
151E determined from V
06:38
152Gradient of V
05:34
153Determine E from V (Example 5)
02:01
154Determine V from E (Example 6)
05:44
155Capacitors & capacitance
07:53
156Capacitors
06:39
157Determine capacitance
08:09
158Cylindrical capacitor (Example 1) - 1
06:04
159Cylindrical capacitor (Example 1) - 3
06:04
160Spherical capacitor - 1
05:24
161Spherical capacitor - 3
05:24
162Capacitors in series and parallel
06:44
163Capacitor combination (Example 2 & 3) - 1
06:13
164Capacitor combination (Example 2 & 3) - 3
06:18
165Electric energy storage - 1
05:09
166Electric energy storage - 3
05:09
167Energy in the field
05:11
168Energy in capacitor (Example 4)
03:53
169Energy distribution (1)(2)(3)
01:20
170Energy distribution (1)(2)(3)
05:14
171Energy distribution (1)(2)(3)
07:39
172Dielectrics
08:39
173Permittivity of material
05:30
174Electrostatics in dielectric
07:22
175Half filled dielectric (1)(2)
02:18
176Half filled dielectric (1)(2)
03:09
177Molecular description (1)(2)
06:14
178Molecular description (1)(2) - 1
05:24
179Molecular description (1)(2) - 3
05:29
180Thinking & question
05:52
181Key points in Chapter 23&24
03:31
182Magnets
04:23
183Magnetic field
03:37
184Currents produce magnetism - 1
05:21
185Currents produce magnetism - 3
05:20
186Magnetic force on a current (1)(2)
08:21
187Magnetic force on a current (1)(2)
06:17
188Force on curved wire
08:07
189Nonuniform field
09:02
190Interaction of currents
09:25
191Railgun
05:10
192Torque on a current loop
09:47
193Magnetic dipoles
09:12
194Magnetic moment of atom (Example 3)
07:23
195μ of rotating charge (Example 4)
05:51
196Force on moving charges
07:28
197Motion in a uniform field (1)(2)
03:59
198Motion in a uniform field (1)(2)
03:33
199Aurora & magnetic confinement
06:37
200Lorentz equation (Example 5)
02:56
201Different regions (Example 6)
05:18
202Challenging question
02:02
203The Hall effect
08:56
204Applications of Hall effect
04:42
205Introduction
04:52
206Biot-Savart Law
05:38
207B due to full current
05:54
208A straight current (Example 1) - 1
06:21
209A straight current (Example 1) - 3
06:25
210Square loop (Example 2)
08:39
211Force between parallel wires
06:01
212Circular current - 1
06:24
213Circular current - 3
06:25
214Combined currents (Example 3)
08:42
215Rotating charged ring
05:44
216Magnetic flux
04:21
217Gauss's law for magnetic field
04:35
218Ampere's law (1)(2)(3)
03:22
219Ampere's law (1)(2)(3)
09:17
220Ampere's law (1)(2)(3)
06:58
221Equations for E & B field
05:09
222Cylindrical current (Example 4) - 1
07:02
223Cylindrical current (Example 4) - 3
07:00
224Infinite plane current
02:54
225Solenoid
08:21
226Toroid
09:00
227B produced by moving charge
08:29
228Ferromagnetic
09:06
229Induced EMF
06:35
230Faraday's law of induction
08:42
231Lenz's law - 1
05:29
232Lenz's law - 3
05:27
233Rotating coil (Example 1)
06:03
234Induced charges
03:59
235EMF induced in moving conductor
07:46
236Derived by Faraday's law
04:23
237Motion in a straight line (Example 2)
08:21
238Rotates in uniform field (Example 3)
05:18
239Rotates in nonuniform field
04:35
240Motion on rails (Example 4)
05:52
241Changing B produces E
04:48
242Faraday's law - general form
06:38
243Induced electric field
05:31
244Comparison of fields
07:09
245Vortex electric field (Example 5)
08:54
246EMF in a wire - 1
07:41
247EMF in a wire - 3
07:43
248Self induction
03:00
249Applications of induction
03:25
250Vortex current
04:17
251Self inductance
06:55
252EMF of inductor
05:30
253Determine inductance
05:07
254Inductance of coaxial cable (Example 1)
07:30
255Inductance of toroid
03:55
256Mutual inductance (1) (2)
04:54
257Mutual inductance (1) (2)
03:12
258Straight wire and coil (Example 2) - 1
05:45
259Straight wire and coil (Example 2) - 3
05:48
260Two coils (Example 3) - 1
08:20
261Two coils (Example 3) - 3
08:18
262Magnetic energy storage
09:04
263Energy in the field
03:12
264Energy in a toroid (Example 4)
04:20
265Challenging problem
01:14
266LR circuits
03:15
267LC circuits
04:31
268Introduction
02:36
269Changing E produces B
05:30
270Discontinuity of current
05:37
271Displacement current
08:15
272Generalized Ampere's law
05:13
273Charging capacitor (Example 1)
08:55
274Capacitor in LC circuit
06:51
275Summary of electromagnetism
06:52
276Maxwell’s equations (1)(2)
04:40
277Maxwell’s equations (1)(2)
02:09
278Production of EM waves
04:51
279Wave equation for EM wave
06:05
280Speed of EM wave
06:42
281Properties of EM wave
05:07
282Energy in EM wave
08:53
283Poynting vector
09:02
284Sunshine (Example 3)
04:25
285Radiation pressure
07:50
286Revolution of classical physics
04:23
287Blackbody radiation
05:29
288Classical theories
06:45
289Planck's quantum hypothesis
03:38
290Concept of quantum
05:57
291Photon theory of light
05:04
292Energy of photon
07:07
293Photoelectric effect - 1
06:17
294Photoelectric effect - 3
06:20
295Experimental results
05:42
296Explanation by photon theory
06:12
297Compare with experiment
03:36
298Energy of photon
05:33
299Compton Effect
06:27
300Experimental results
03:56
301Explanation by photon theory
08:16
302Compton shift
06:07
303X-ray scattering (Example 4)
03:06
304Some questions
08:26
305Wave-particle duality
06:06
306Wave nature of matter
07:14
307de Broglie wavelength
05:08
308Experiments of de Broglie wave
04:30
309What is an electron?
03:08
310Early models of atom
03:43
311Atomic spectra
03:19
312Spectrum of Hydrogen
02:42
313Bohr’s three postulates
03:20
314Bohr model
03:30
315Energy levels
02:15
316Transition & radiation
04:34
317Energy level diagram
03:52
318Transition of atom
04:59
319Single-electron ions - 1
00:00
320Single-electron ions - 3
05:16
321Value of Bohr's theory
04:53
322Wave function - 1
07:10
323Wave function - 3
07:13
324Probability wave
08:01
325Coherent & de-coherence
07:04
326Quantum Uncertainty
06:59
327Heisenberg uncertainty principle
05:03
328Other forms of uncertainty principle
09:10
329A quantum criterion (Example 1)
06:33
$Diffraction of electron$
330Diffraction of electron
01:12
331Probability vs determinism
07:49
332Schrödinger equation (1)(2)(3)(4)
07:13
333Schrödinger equation (1)(2)(3)(4)
04:15
334Schrödinger equation (1)(2)(3)(4)
04:44
335Schrödinger equation (1)(2)(3)(4)
06:09
336Solution of S-equation
04:11
337Infinitely deep square well potential
05:13
338Solution by S-equation (1)(2)
04:34
339Solution by S-equation (1)(2)
03:14
340Quantum properties (1)(2)
04:25
341Quantum properties (1)(2)
05:03
342Electron in the well (Example 2)
03:30
343Probability in well (Example 3)
06:21
344Probability for other ψ
02:24
345Finite potential well
06:04
346Tunneling through a barrier
02:20
347Applications of tunneling
06:36
348S-equation for H atom
07:09
349Three quantum numbers (1)(2)
04:29
350Three quantum numbers (1)(2)
09:25
351The 4th quantum number (1)(2)
07:17
352The 4th quantum number (1)(2)
06:42
353Possible states (Example 1)
04:58
354Energy and angular momentum (Example 2)
03:14
355Wave function for H atom
03:19
356Electron cloud
02:02
357Complex atoms
05:20
358Pauli exclusion principle
07:40
359Shell structure of electrons
06:08
360Periodic table of elements
05:09
361Electron configurations (Example 3)
04:32
362Laser
06:36

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