002｜蜜蜂是如何给花朵完成授粉的

来源：市场资讯

（来源：胶学）

· 002 ·

蜜蜂是

如何给花朵完成授粉的

上篇文章说到，樱花先开花后长叶，其中一个原因是没有叶片遮挡，花朵更容易被昆虫发现，便于授粉。看到这里我停下来想：等等，蜜蜂到底是怎么"授粉"的？它只是在花上飞来飞去找吃的，花粉是怎么从一朵花跑到另一朵花上的？带着这个问题，我查了一下，才发现这个过程远比我想象的精妙——蜜蜂身上的每一根细毛，都没有白长。

如果你也感到好奇的话，可以来读一读下边的文章。欢迎你把阅读后找到的答案写在留言区。

我把文章中出现的关键单词、表达整理出来，阅读文章前，可以先看一看。

单词

Words

pollination /ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən/ 授粉；花粉传播的过程

anther /ˈænθər/ 花药（雄蕊顶端产生花粉的部分）

stigma /ˈstɪɡmə/ 柱头（雌蕊顶端，负责接收花粉）

fertilization /ˌfɜːrtɪlɪˈzeɪʃən/ 受精；授精

electrostatic /ɪˌlɛktrəˈstætɪk/ 静电的

proboscis /prəˈbɒsɪs/ 喙；口器（蜜蜂用来吸食花蜜的细长管状结构）

groom /ɡruːm/ 梳理；整理（蜜蜂用腿梳理花粉的动作）

offspring /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ 后代；幼崽

solitary /ˈsɒlɪtəri/ 独居的；单独生活的（此处指非群居的野生蜂）

forager /ˈfɔːrɪdʒər/ 觅食者；外出采集食物的工蜂

sonication /ˌsoʊnɪˈkeɪʃən/ 声振；振动授粉法

viable /ˈvaɪəbl/ 有活力的；能正常发育的

incidental /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/ 附带的；无意间产生的

表达

Expressions

① cross-pollination 异花授粉（花粉在不同花朵之间传递才能完成受精）

② electrostatic forces 静电力（帮助花粉附着在蜜蜂体毛上的物理机制）

③ buzz pollination 振动授粉（蜜蜂咬住花药并振动胸部肌肉，将花粉从花药中震出的方式）

④ pollen baskets 花粉篮（蜜蜂后腿上专门携带花粉的凹槽结构）

⑤ honey stomach 蜜囊（蜜蜂专门用于储存花蜜的第二个胃）

原文

Article

From: Smithsonian Gardens / Michigan State University Extension (MSU Extension)

How Bees Pollinate: An Accidental Genius

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a flower's anthers (the male part of the plant) to the stigma (the female part). The pollinator then takes this pollen to another flower, where it sticks to the stigma. The fertilized flower later yields fruit and seeds.

Bees make excellent pollinators because most of their life is spent collecting pollen, a source of protein that they feed to their developing offspring. A bee's role in pollination is completely incidental — they're just trying to collect as much pollen and nectar as possible. When a bee lands on a flower, the hairs all over the bee's body attract pollen grains through electrostatic forces. Stiff hairs on their legs enable them to groom the pollen into specialized brushes or pockets — the pollen baskets — on their legs or body, and then carry it back to their nest. Individual bees tend to focus on one kind of flower at a time, which means it is more likely that pollen from one flower will be transferred to another flower of the same species.

Some bees take this a step further with buzz pollination, or sonication. Plants like tomatoes and blueberries release their pollen through tiny pores in the anther. Bees bite the anthers, hold tight, and buzz their flight muscles to shake the pollen free. Bumblebees are living tuning forks — using a tone close to middle C, they can propel thousands of pollen grains from a single flower in under a second.

It has often been said that bees are responsible for one out of every three bites of food we eat. Most crops grown for their fruits, nuts, and seeds require insect pollination, and bees — both managed honeybees and wild native species — are by far the most important group.

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