汉斯·道维勒｜人工智能与文化：赋能可持续发展

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导语：技术引发的主体性焦虑并非始于人工智能时代。然而，与工业机器、大众传媒和互联网等技术相比，AI正逼近语言、创造与判断等更接近“人之为人”的领域——正因如此，文化才成为理解其影响与治理路径的重要坐标。而随着AI应用不断深入社会肌理，围绕文化多样性、数字鸿沟、创作者权益与知识产权的讨论，也正成为全球关注的焦点。

在华南理工大学荣誉教授、联合国教科文组织原副总干事、原战略规划助理总干事汉斯·道维勒（Hans d’Orville）看来，人工智能固然是推动可持续发展的强大工具，但文化才是为其指引方向的“罗盘”。可持续发展所需要的，不只是技术进步，更是植根于文化土壤的创新。只有将AI系统与文化价值、文化遗产、传统、创造力、伦理原则、环境优先事项以及地方性知识体系相对接并加以融合，才能推动形成包容、有韧性、符合伦理的解决方案，真正赋能可持续发展。

*文章整理自汉斯·道维勒教授在由联合国教科文组织国际创意与可持续发展中心、联合国教科文组织东亚地区办事处联合主办的第五届“创意2030国际论坛”上的发言。

汉斯·道维勒（Hans d’Orville）

联合国教科文组织原副总干事、原战略规划助理总干事；华南理工大学（SCUT）荣誉教授；联合国教科文组织国际创意与可持续发展中心（ICCSD，北京）咨询委员会主席

Former UNESCO Deputy Director-General and former UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Strategic Planning; Honorary Professor, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou; Chairman, Advisory Committee, International Center for Creativity and Sustainable Development (ICCSD) under the auspices of UNESCO, Beijing

AI and Culture:

Empowering Sustainable Development

人工智能与文化：赋能可持续发展

汉斯·道维勒教授在第五届“创意2030国际论坛”上主持主旨演讲及主题演讲环节。图源：主办方

人工智能的不断推进与广泛应用，迫使我们直面这个时代一些最为深刻的议题：它将对文化、可持续发展乃至我们宜居的星球带来怎样的影响？正如联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯（António Guterres）所说：“技术必须服务于人，而不是反过来。”

The progressive use of Artificial intelligence (AI) compels us to confront some of the most profound questions of our time. What are the implications for culture, sustainable development and the preservation of a livable planet? As UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has said “Technology must be at the service of people. Not the other way around.”

如今，AI正在挑战我们对于“何以为人”的理解。

AI challenges our understanding what it means to be human.

具体而言，AI对文化和创意领域蕴含着变革性潜力，包括扩大人们获取文化遗产和创意内容的机会，以及支持多语种发展和数字创新。但与此同时，人工智能也引发了一些有关文化多样性、分配报酬的公平性、知识产权和公平获取等方面的重要关切。

Specifically, AI holds a transformative potential for the cultural and creative sectors – from expanding access to heritage and creative content to supporting multilingualism and digital innovation. At the same time, it raises critical concerns regarding cultural diversity, fair remuneration, intellectual property and equitable access.

平衡上述潜力与关切，需要认识到，文化本身就是发展的驱动力。而AI与文化相结合，能够在推动可持续发展，尤其是推动联合国17项可持续发展目标（SDGs）方面发挥变革性的作用。这17项目标遵循“不让任何一个人掉队”的原则，致力于让全体人民为我们共同居住的星球建设一个更美好的未来。

Culture is an enabler and driver of development in its entirety. Together AI and culture can play a transformative role in advancing sustainable development and in particular the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which strive to build a better future for all people and the planet, guided by the principle of leaving no one behind.

AI固然是一种强有力的工具，但文化才是为其指引方向的“罗盘”。可持续发展所需要的，不只是技术进步，更是植根于文化土壤的创新。

While AI is a powerful tool - culture is the compass that guides its direction. Sustainable development requires more than technological advancement - it demands culturally grounded innovation.

联合国体系已明确指出，人工智能具有推动全部17项可持续发展目标进展的潜力，是促进可持续发展的重要数字技术之一。图源：unesco

然而，仅靠技术创新本身，并不能确保实现公平、包容且持久的进步。将AI系统与文化价值、文化遗产、传统、创造力、伦理原则、环境优先事项以及地方性知识体系相对接并加以融合，将有助于建设面向未来的社会。这将催生出不仅高效，而且包容、有韧性、符合伦理的解决方案。在这一过程中，AI也将能够激发人类创造力，并支持多元、多语种的文化内容发展，其中也包括数字文化遗产。

However, technological innovation alone cannot ensure equitable, inclusive, and lasting progress. Aligning and integrating AI systems with cultural values, heritage, traditions, creativity, ethical principles, environmental priorities and local knowledge systems strengthens the creation of future-ready societies. It will engender solutions that are not only efficient, but inclusive, resilient and ethical. In the process, AI will be able to foster human creativity and support diverse and multilingual cultural content, including digital cultural heritage.

在第五届“创意2030国际论坛”期间，汉斯·道维勒教授与现场展出的机器人进行互动。图源：主办方

现下，塑造我们生活的政治、文化、教育、经济与精神层面的社会建制（spiritual institutions），正持续被一种非对话的、建立在算法与大数据之上的技术体系所重塑。这一转变正在改写我们与知识、权威以及彼此建立联系的方式，也存在将人类价值引向技术官僚式框架的风险。

The political, cultural, educational, economical, spiritual institutions that shape our lives are continuously being redrawn by technological systems not built on dialogue but on algorithms and big data. This shift alters how we relate to knowledge, authority and to one another. It risks drifting toward a technocratic framing of human values.

另一方面，融入文化视角的人工智能治理，能够加快推进环境可持续、社会公平与经济韧性。但要在保障文化多样性和知识产权的前提下，使文化在社会各层面的人工智能政策制定与系统开发中得到真正体现，就必须承认并保护艺术家和创作者的权益。

Culturally informed AI governance can accelerate environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic resilience. While safeguarding cultural diversity and intellectual property rights, the meaningful reflection of culture in AI policies and system development at all societal levels requires also recognition and protection of artists and creators.

约一万名作家近日联合出版了一本名为《别偷这本书》（Don't Steal This Book）的特殊著作，以抗议人工智能公司未经许可使用其作品进行模型训练。图源：卫报

要让AI真正赋能可持续的未来与发展，它就必须具备透明、公平、无偏见、包容且广泛可及等特征。围绕AI与文化所采取的有效路径，应通过教育、研究和创新增强人的主体性，并保障人人参与文化生活这一基本人权。由联合国教科文组织等国际机构制定的伦理框架，有助于确保AI发展与人权和可持续性原则相一致，并推动数字文化遗产的保护。

For AI to truly empower sustainable futures and development, it must be transparent, fair, unbiased inclusive and broadly accessible. Effective approaches to AI and culture should empower human agency through education, research, and innovation. They shall protect the human right for all to take part in cultural life.

Ethical frameworks developed by international organizations, like UNESCO, can help ensure that AI aligns with human rights and sustainability principles and promotes digital heritage protection.

在2021年《联合国教科文组织人工智能伦理问题建议书》的基础上，我们还应制定专门的政策路径，确保AI发展尊重文化与语言多样性，推动合乎伦理、以人为本的治理，并保障文化从业者的权利与生计。多方利益相关者合作与包容性参与，将是塑造AI系统的关键，而这样的AI系统既能够扩大文化可及性，也能够保护并传播文化遗产。

Building on the 2021 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI, dedicated policy pathways shall ensure that AI development respects cultural and linguistic diversity, promote ethical and human-centered governance and safeguard the rights and livelihoods of cultural professionals. Multi-stakeholder cooperation and inclusive participation will be key in shaping AI systems which can broaden access to culture and safeguard and disseminate cultural heritage.

《联合国教科文组织人工智能伦理问题建议书》提出了11个重点政策行动领域，为成员国推动负责任的人工智能发展提供了系统框架。图源：UN

需要认识到，AI与文化对不同可持续发展目标的影响存在差异。

Yet, AI and culture have different impact on, and consequences for, sustainable development.

AI可以直接助力实现联合国可持续发展目标中的若干具体目标，尤其是在环境可持续性方面。植根于文化语境的AI系统，能够整合原住民知识和传统生态知识，从而改进气候适应战略、生物多样性保护、智慧农业推广以及土地和水资源的可持续管理。

AI can contribute directly to several goals within the SDGs, especially regarding environmental sustainability. Culturally grounded AI systems can integrate indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge to improve climate adaptation strategies, biodiversity conservation, the promotion of smart agriculture and sustainable land and water management.

我们也可以将AI对社会可持续性的影响一并来看待，例如其在医疗健康、教育以及技能发展等方面所发挥的作用。在经济可持续性领域，AI则有助于优化供应链管理，或提升数字创业与贸易的生产效率。

We also can lump together the impact of AI on social sustainability, like healthcare or education and skills development. In the field of economic sustainability AI can help to enhance supply chain management or drive productivity for digital entrepreneurship and trade.

在不同采用情景下，各个行业中人工智能带来的全要素生产率提升存在一定差异。总体来看服务业和知识密集型行业获益更大。图源：OECD

但是，AI对文化的影响并非保持中立。它正在各个层面、各个领域重塑文化。AI对文化的影响，既可能具有变革性，也可能带来冲击性，这取决于它如何被治理、如何被采用，同时也受到治理方式、伦理原则、包容性以及社会选择等因素的影响。

AI is not culturally neutral. It is reshaping culture at all levels and in all fields. The cultural impact of AI can be both transformative and disruptive, depending on how it is governed and adopted. Its impact on culture depends on governance, ethics, inclusivity, and societal choices.

若缺乏文化层面的融入，AI就有可能加剧偏见与不平等，削弱地方身份认同，扩大数字鸿沟，或侵蚀传统知识体系。换句话说，将AI与文化联系起来的战略意义，最终并不由技术本身决定，而是取决于人类如何引导和规制它。

Without cultural integration, AI risks reinforcing bias and inequality, undermining local identities, widening the digital divide or eroding traditional knowledge systems. The strategic importance of linking AI and culture will not be determined by technology alone - but by how humanity guides and regulates it.

反过来，文化也在塑造社区如何接纳并适应人工智能等新技术。它影响着人们的行为、价值观、身份认同以及社会凝聚力。文化能够激发可持续的生活方式、创造性创新、合乎伦理的技术应用，以及对本土知识体系的保护。文化遗产、地方传统和本土艺术表达，则能够确保AI解决方案既为社会所接受，也切合地方实际。

Culture on the other hand shapes how communities adopt and adapt technology. It influences behavior, values, identity, and social cohesion. Culture can inspire sustainable lifestyles, creative innovation, ethical technology use, and preservation of indigenous knowledge systems. Cultural heritage, local traditions, and artistic expressions ensure that AI solutions are socially accepted and locally relevant.

需要指出的是，AI并不是对人类创造力的替代，而是一种能够强化这种创造力及其相关软实力的工具。与其将AI视为威胁，不如将其看作一个深入探索人类创造力深层潜能的机会。通过与AI协作，人类能够拓展可能性的边界，并发现突破既有框架的全新表达形式。

AI is not a replacement for human creativity but rather a tool to enhance it and its associated soft power. Instead of seeing AI as a threat, one should recognize it as an opportunity to explore the depths of human creativity. By collaborating with AI, one can push the boundaries of what is possible and discover new forms of human expression outside the box.

AI也确有潜力成为一种创造性的协作者，使人们得以探索原本可能不会进入我们视野的理念与构想。AI可以为艺术家提供多方面支持，从生成草图到提供配色方案，皆可胜任。与此同时，音乐人也可以利用AI谱写旋律，甚至创作整首歌曲。在写作领域，AI工具正越来越受到作者欢迎，因为这类工具能够帮助激发灵感、拟定提纲，甚至依据写作者的风格提出整段文字建议。设计是另一个正被AI深刻改变的领域。借助AI，平面设计师能够更高效地创作Logo、网站和营销材料。如今，设计师不再受限于自身已有的知识边界，而能够探索更广阔的可能性。

Indeed, AI has the potential to act as a creative collaborator, allowing individuals to explore concepts that may not have otherwise been considered. AI can help artists with everything from generating sketches to providing color palettes. For their part, musicians can use AI to compose melodies and even entire songs. In the realm of writing, AI tools are becoming increasingly popular among authors, as such tools can help generate ideas, draft outlines, and even suggest entire paragraphs based on a writer’s style.Design is another field being revolutionized by AI. Graphic designers can create logos, websites, and marketing materials more efficiently with the help of AI. Instead of being limited by their own knowledge, designers can explore a wider range of possibilities.

图表显示创意行业不同职业与人工智能的潜在互补性存在明显差异，其中部分岗位在高暴露的同时也具有较高互补性，说明AI更可能重塑而非简单替代其工作内容。

尽管AI可以为文化专业人士提供辅助，真正持续推动创造力向前发展的，仍将是他们的情感、经验与独特视角。人类直觉与AI能力的融合，能够催生创新，丰富个人生活、社区发展、国家进步乃至整个世界。AI不会终结创造力，而是会重新定义创造力。它能够打开通往新思想与新可能的大门，从而激发人类灵感，拓展创造之旅。

However, while AI may assist culture professionals, it is their emotions, experiences, and unique perspectives that will continue to drive creativity forward. A fusion of human intuition and AI capabilities can lead to innovations, enriching lives, communities, nations and the world. AI will not end creativity; it will redefine it. AI can open the door to new ideas and possibilities that can inspire humans and enhance creative journeys.

就文化身份认同而言，AI系统受制于反映社会模式的大规模数据集。这带来了多重风险：算法偏见可能固化刻板印象，某些文化可能在系统中代表性不足，特定文化规范也可能被嵌入技术设计之中。因此，必须推进具有文化包容性的AI设计，以防止歧视，并确保全球范围内的公平与代表性。

As regards cultural identity, AI systems are influenced by large datasets that reflect societal patterns. This creates the risk of algorithmic biases reinforcing stereotypes, the underrepresentation of certain cultures, and embedding cultural norms in technology design. Culturally inclusive AI design is necessary to prevent discrimination and ensure equitable representation across the globe.

AI与文化在诸多议题上相互交织。文化多样性与生物多样性之间的相互关联，为增强韧性、推进适应性和减缓风险提供了重要资源。AI在有形和无形文化遗产保护方面发挥着重要作用。它既可以帮助实现历史文物、手稿和档案的数字化与修复，也可用于古迹的三维重建。借助AI驱动的翻译工具，我们还能够通过打破语言障碍来促进跨文化交流。

AI and culture intersect on various issues. The interconnectedness between cultural and biological diversity provides resources for resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. AI plays an important role in preserving tangible and intangible cultural heritage. AI can help digitize and restore historical artifacts, manuscripts and archives as well as 3D reconstruction of damaged monuments. Language preservation through AI-powered translation tools can increase cross-cultural communication by breaking language barriers.

然而，在AI数据中，全球强势语言往往占据过高比重，少数语言则面临被数字边缘化的风险。若管理不当，AI非但不能促进语言多样性，反而可能加速语言同质化。

However major languages are overrepresented in AI data. Minority languages risk digital marginalization. If not carefully managed, AI could accelerate linguistic homogenization rather than diversity.

AI正在改变文化产品的生产与传播方式。音乐、电影、文学、时尚和设计等创意产业及文化表达，都可以借助AI在智能化生产、可持续材料和虚拟体验等方面拓展出新的创造形式。如今，作家和电影创作者正越来越多地使用AI工具进行草拟、编辑和视觉特效制作；设计师也将AI应用于更可持续、更高效的生产流程之中。这些新发展正在挑战传统关于作者身份和原创性的观念，并提出一个关键问题：由AI生成的作品应归谁所有？

AI changes how cultural goods are produced and distributed. Creative industries and expressions, such as music, film, literature, fashion and design can benefit from AI expanding into new forms of creativity through smart production, sustainable materials and virtual experiences. Writers and filmmakers are increasingly using AI tools for drafting, editing, and visual effects. Designers apply AI for sustainable and efficient production processes. These new developments challenge traditional ideas of authorship and originality and pose the question who owns AI-generated work.

此外，AI驱动的社交媒体算法，也在内容关注引导、社会观念形成和流行文化塑造等层面影响社会行为与文化规范。流媒体平台利用AI推荐机制塑造审美偏好，虚拟网红也正在全球及各国不断涌现。与此同时，也不能忽视自动化对创意领域就业带来的影响。它既可能创造新的经济机会，也可能引发劳动力市场扰动。

Besides, AI-driven social media algorithms influence social behavior and cultural norms in terms of attention to content, opinion formation and popular culture. Streaming platforms use AI recommendations to shape taste. Virtual influencers and digital performers are emerging globally and at national levels. Also, one should not ignore that automation affects jobs in creative sectors This may generate new economic opportunities but also cause labor market disruption.

AI的应用仍需克服若干挑战，例如发达国家与发展中国家之间的数字鸿沟、AI数据集中的文化偏见、文化同质化风险、数据隐私问题，以及如何遏制AI系统过度消耗能源和水资源等。若治理得当，AI可以支持文化多样性，扩大文化内容的获取渠道，保护濒危传统，并促进跨文化对话。若与可持续发展目标（SDGs）相衔接，AI还能够强化包容且可持续的文化生态系统。以文化敏感性为导向设计的AI工具，能够提升不同语言群体和社会群体的可及性，减少算法偏见，并增强公众对数字治理的信任。

But the use of AI needs to overcome several challenges, such as the digital divide between developed and developing nations, cultural bias in AI datasets, the risk of cultural homogenization, data privacy concerns and containment of excessive energy and water consumption by AI systems. When responsibly governed, AI can support cultural diversity, increase access to cultural content, preserve endangered traditions and foster intercultural dialogue. Aligned with theSDGs, AI can strengthen inclusive and sustainable cultural ecosystems. AI tools designed with cultural sensitivity increase accessibility across linguistic and social groups, reduce algorithmic bias and strengthen trust in digital governance.

让我们将目光转向中国，考察中国在以AI与文化赋能可持续发展方面的实践经验。根据中国国务院《新一代人工智能发展规划》，中国已将AI定位为国家发展的核心驱动力。与此同时，文化振兴与生态文明建设也是国家战略中的两大支柱。

Let us turn to China and its experience with AI and culture empowering sustainable development. China has positioned AI as a core driver of national development under theState Council of the People's Republic of China’s New Generation AI Development Plan. At the same time, cultural revitalization and ecological civilization are central pillars of the national strategy.

有专家提出，要推动人工智能贯穿“保护—展示—传播—创新”全链条赋能文化建设。图源：新华社

AI与文化的融合，为中国提供了一项战略性机遇，使其能够在与可持续发展目标相契合的框架下，依托高质量、绿色、包容的AI基础设施，推进可持续现代化。

The convergence of AI and culture presents a strategic opportunity for the country to advance sustainable modernization through high-quality, green, and inclusive AI infrastructure in alignment with theSDGs.

AI驱动的环境监测和智能电网，有望加快减碳进程并提升空气质量治理水平；政策层面可以为低碳数据中心、节能型算法设计提供激励，也可以支持以可再生能源供电的算力设施及其他类型的绿色AI创新。进一步将传统生态知识纳入其中，还能够增强气候韧性战略的有效性。

AI-driven environmental monitoring and smart grids could accelerate carbon emission reduction and air quality management. Incentives could be offered for low-carbon data centers, energy-efficient algorithm design. Support could also be provided for renewable energy-powered computing facilities and other types of green AI innovation. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge can furthermore improve climate resilience strategies.

中国及其他国家的许多城市，都拥有若干闻名于世界的文化遗产。这为率先探索AI驱动的文物保护提供了发展机遇，例如推动以AI为基础的研发与博物馆、文化遗产机构及创意产业相结合，并开发智能化文化遗产管理系统。

Many cities in China and other countriesare home to several world-renowned cultural heritage sites. This provides opportunities to pioneer AI-driven conservation and protection models, such as integrating AI-based R&D with museums, heritage institutions, and creative industries and the development of smart heritage management systems.

通过将技术进步与文化活力、生态责任相协调，这些城市能够成为AI赋能可持续发展的全球范本。它们甚至还可以推动建立有关AI与文化可持续性的全球对话平台，从而加强与世界各国、各城市之间的合作与知识共享，无论对方来自全球南方还是全球北方。

By aligning technological advancement with cultural vitality and ecological responsibility, these cities can serve as global models for AI-enabled sustainable development. They could even lead to the creation of global dialogue forums on AI and cultural sustainability, thereby intensifying collaboration and knowledge-sharing with countries and cities worldwide, both from the Global South and the Global North.

这将有助于推动全球AI标准与治理框架的协调统一，进而更好整合传统知识、保护文化遗产、减少碎片化，并控制AI系统的环境足迹。与此同时，人文学科与技术领域之间的跨学科协作，以及国际合作，也可能是推动AI与文化共同启发可持续发展的关键。

This may contribute to a harmonization of global AI standards and governance frameworks, helping to integrate traditional knowledge, protect cultural heritage, reduce fragmentation and contain the environmental footprint of AI systems. interdisciplinary collaboration between humanities and technologies as well as international cooperation may be critical to drive AI- and culture-inspired sustainable development.

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华南理工大学公共政策研究院（IPP）是一个独立、非营利性的知识创新与公共政策研究平台。IPP围绕中国的体制改革、社会政策、中国话语权与国际关系等开展一系列的研究工作，并在此基础上形成知识创新和政策咨询协调发展的良好格局。IPP的愿景是打造开放式的知识创新和政策研究平台，成为领先世界的中国智库。