“明谕琉球国王敕”展出：琉球曾是中国藩属！

大连旅顺博物馆近日再次展出的“明谕琉球国王敕”引起各方关注。长期从事相关研究的旅顺博物馆原副馆长韩行方认为，这道敕谕揭示了琉球曾是中国藩属的重要史实，也为研究琉球历史和日本对其侵略史提供了重要印证。

The "Ming Dynasty edict to the King of Ryukyu", recently re-exhibited at the Lyushun Museum in Dalian, Northeast China's Liaoning province, has drawn widespread attention. Han Xingfang, former deputy director of the museum who has long engaged in related research, believes that the edict reveals an important historical fact — that Ryukyu was once a vassal state of China — and provides significant evidence for the study of Ryukyu's history as well as Japan's history of aggression against it, Xinhua News Agency reported Saturday.

11月28日，在辽宁大连旅顺博物馆，媒体工作者拍摄展出的“明谕琉球国王敕”（仿制品）。图源：新华社

这次展出的“明谕琉球国王敕”系仿制品，原件存放于旅顺博物馆库房。敕谕落款为明崇祯二年（公元1629年），为黄色纸本，四周有金色云龙花纹，钤有“广运之宝”朱文方印，行文采用工整的楷书。

The edict on display this time is a replica, with the original preserved in the archives of the Dalian Lushun Museum. The edict is dated to 1629, the second year of the Chongzhen reign of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). It is made of yellow paper, bordered with golden cloud-and-dragon motifs, and bears a square vermilion seal reading "Imperial Seal of Expansive Fortune". The text is written in neat regular script.

11月28日，在辽宁大连旅顺博物馆，媒体工作者拍摄展出的“明谕琉球国王敕”（仿制品）。图源：新华社

敕谕内容为：“皇帝敕谕琉球国王世子尚丰，得奏，尔父王尚宁，于泰昌元年九月十九日薨逝，尔为世子理宜承袭，特遣户科右给事中杜三策、行人司司正杨抡，封尔为琉球国中山王，嗣理国政，并赐尔及妃冠服彩币等物。念尔父绍膺国统，作镇海邦，率职输诚，慎终如始，中遭邻侮，旋致堵安，克绥提封，迄于没世。尔以元胤，国人归心，嗣服之初，倍宜兢惕。其尚祗循侯度，恪守王章，褆身以率励臣民，饬政而辑宁邦域，绸缪牖户，保固藩篱，庶无忝尔前人。用副予之显命，钦哉，故谕。颁赐……”其后，敕谕详细开列了所颁赐的物品及数量。

The edict formally confirms Shang Feng's succession to the Ryukyu throne following the death of King Shang Ning, authorizing Ming envoys to confer his investiture and bestowing ceremonial gifts. It praises the late king's loyalty and service, urges the new ruler to govern with caution, uphold royal statutes, safeguard the realm, and maintain Ryukyu's duties as a vassal state. The document concludes with a detailed list of imperial gifts.

“明谕琉球国王敕”原件（资料照片）

韩行方曾详细研究这一文物，在其《明崇祯朝册封琉球始末考辨》一文中指出，敕谕中提到的“中遭邻侮”，指明万历四十年（公元1612年）日本出兵三千入侵琉球，尚宁王被俘一事。此事在《明史》中也有记载：“琉球外御强邻，内修贡不绝。四十年，日本果以劲兵三千入其国，掳其王，迁其宗器，大掠而去。”然而，“已而其王归释，复遣使修贡……四十四年，日本有取鸡笼山之谋，其地名台湾，密迩福建，尚宁遣使以闻，诏海上警备……”由此可见，当时琉球的尚宁王对明王朝确实是恭谨勤劳、忠心耿耿，因此才有敕谕中对其功绩的表彰，即“念尔父绍膺国统，作镇海邦，率职输诚，慎终如始”。

Han, who has conducted extensive research on this artifact, wrote in an article that the phrase "suffered harassment from a neighboring state" in the edict refers to the 1612 incident in which Japan dispatched 3,000 troops to invade Ryukyu and captured King Shang Ning. This event is also recorded in the History of the Ming: Ryukyu had long resisted pressure from powerful neighbors while faithfully maintaining its tributary missions, yet in the 40th year of the reign of Emperor Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Japan indeed sent 3,000 soldiers to seize the kingdom, abduct its king, plunder its ancestral treasures and left.

The chronicle then notes that the king was later released and Ryukyu resumed its tribute missions. It further records that "in the 44th year of Wanli, when Japan was considering seizing Jilong Mountain — an area known as Taiwan, close to Fujian — King Shang Ning dispatched envoys to inform the Ming court, prompting the imperial order to strengthen coastal defenses."

These records show that King Shang Ning served the Ming court with loyalty, diligence, and prudence, which is why the edict praises his conduct, summarized in the phrase "your father upheld the royal mandate, defended the maritime realm, and fulfilled his duties with unwavering loyalty."

据韩行方考证，明王朝册封琉球共计15次，崇祯年间的册封是最后一次。清顺治十一年（公元1654年），琉球国王尚质遣臣进京，送回“旧诏二道、敕谕一道、镀金银印一颗”，并请颁敕新印。由此，这道明崇祯年间发出的敕谕辗转归来。此后，清王朝基本沿用明制，继续对琉球的册封。

According to Han's research, the Ming Dynasty conducted a total of 15 investiture missions to Ryukyu, with the one issued during the reign of Emperor Chongzhen being the last. In the 1th year of the reign of the Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty, King Shang Zhi of Ryukyu dispatched envoys to Beijing to return "two old imperial edicts, one imperial decree, and a gilded silver seal," and requested new investiture documents and seals, Xinhua reported.

Through this process, the Chongzhen-era edict eventually found its way back to China. Thereafter, the Qing Dynasty largely followed the Ming system and continued the investiture of Ryukyu's rulers, per Xinhua.

来源：新华社 环球时报

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