宏观量子力学隧穿效应以及电路中能量量子化获得2025年诺贝尔物理学奖

2025年诺贝尔物理学奖得主

（图片来源：诺奖官网）

北京时间10月7日下午5点45分，瑞典皇家科学院宣布将2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予：

John Clarke

Michel H. Devoret

John M. Martinis

获奖理由

2025年诺贝尔物理学奖授予“发现宏观量子力学隧穿效应以及电路中的能量量子化现象”（for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit）。

他们在芯片上的实验揭示了量子物理学的实际应用

NOBEL PRIZE

Their experiments on a chip revealed quantum physics in action

A major question in physics is the maximum size of a system that can demonstrate quantum mechanical effects. This year’s Nobel Prize laureates conducted experiments with an electrical circuit in which they demonstrated both quantum mechanical tunnelling and quantised energy levels in a system big enough to be held in the hand.

物理学中的一个主要问题是能够展示量子力学效应的系统的最大尺寸。今年的诺贝尔奖获得者在一个电路中进行了实验，他们在一个足够大到可以握在手中的系统中展示了量子力学隧道效应和量子化能级。

Quantum mechanics allows a particle to move straight through a barrier, using a process called tunnelling. As soon as large numbers of particles are involved, quantum mechanical effects usually become insignificant. The laureates’ experiments demonstrated that quantum mechanical properties can be made concrete on a macroscopic scale.

In 1984 and 1985,John Clarke, Michel H. DevoretandJohn M. Martinisconducted a series of experiments with an electronic circuit built of superconductors, components that can conduct a current with no electrical resistance. In the circuit, the superconducting components were separated by a thin layer of non-conductive material, a setup known as a Josephson junction. By refining and measuring all the various properties of their circuit, they were able to control and explore the phenomena that arose when they passed a current through it. Together, the charged particles moving through the superconductor comprised a system that behaved as if they were a single particle that filled the entire circuit.

This macroscopic particle-like system is initially in a state in which current flows without any voltage. The system is trapped in this state, as if behind a barrier that it cannot cross. In the experiment the system shows its quantum character by managing to escape the zero-voltage state through tunnelling. The system’s changed state is detected through the appearance of a voltage.

The laureates could also demonstrate that the system behaves in the manner predicted by quantum mechanics – it is quantised, meaning that it only absorbs or emits specific amounts of energy.

“It is wonderful to be able to celebrate the way that century-old quantum mechanics continually offers new surprises. It is also enormously useful, as quantum mechanics is the foundation of all digital technology,” says Olle Eriksson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.

The transistors in computer microchips are one example of the established quantum technology that surrounds us. This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics has provided opportunities for developing the next generation of quantum technology, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and quantum sensors.

获奖人详细信息

NOBEL PRIZE

John Clarke, 1942年出生于英国剑桥，1968年获得英国剑桥大学博士学位，现任美国加州大学伯克利分校教授。

Michel H. Devoret, 1953年出生于法国巴黎。1982年获得法国巴黎南大学博士学位。现任美国康涅狄格州纽黑文耶鲁大学和美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校教授。

John M. Martinis，约翰·M·马蒂尼斯，1958年出生。1987年获得美国加州大学伯克利分校博士学位。美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校教授。

NOBEL PRIZE

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