青藏高原荒漠化治理助力三江源保护

36岁的何克林老家在青海省海南藏族自治州贵南县。近日记者见到他时，他和同伴正在海南州共和县铁盖乡拉干村的一个治沙点进行苗木种植。用高压水钻打好眼后，他们将青杨、乌柳等苗木种在草方格沙障中，同时撒播柠条、沙蒿等种子。

　　6月17日是世界防治荒漠化与干旱日。荒漠化对全球生态安全、消除贫穷、社会经济稳定和可持续发展均有较大影响。

　　谈起小时候和风沙为伴的日子，何克林眉头紧锁。他的家乡贵南县是青海沙漠化土地分布较广、沙化危害比较严重的地区。20世纪90年代，沙漠化土地面积达342万亩，其中沙漠面积142万亩，占全县总面积的14.2%。沙漠每年以5至15米的速度向东南肆意扩展蔓延，出现“沙逼人退”局面。

　　“小时候一到冬春季节，风沙过后，感觉天都是黑的，胆小的孩子都不敢独自去学校。现在，持续治理扭转了风沙危害持续扩大的局面。”何克林说。

　　位于青藏高原的青海平均海拔4058米，是长江、黄河和澜沧江的发源地，素有“中华水塔”美誉。青海大部分省域为干旱和半干旱地区，生态环境关系全国可持续发展。

　　记者从贵南县了解到，从1996年单一的杨柳插杆到现如今的容器育苗、种子包衣种植，从砾石固沙、黏土沙障等单一的工程固沙到现如今“乔灌草结合、封造育并举”的复合治沙，该县森林覆盖率由1996年前的2.6%提高到19.24%，治理沙化面积达195万亩，40余万亩沙漠得到有效治理。

　　青海省林业和草原局生态修复处处长马建平介绍，打好“三北”工程攻坚战，青海仍面临诸多客观条件制约，例如青海沙化土地面积1.85亿亩，占国土总面积的17.2%，点多、面广、类型复杂。加之青海特殊高寒干旱气候，“五月飞雪、九月霜冻”是常态，每年施工期只有短短5个月，种草复绿的“窗口期”仅有2个月，给工程建设带来挑战。

　　据了解，针对特殊自然条件，林草部门科学选用固沙材料，种植耐寒耐旱抗风沙种苗，努力提高治沙成效。此外，针对地方配套资金难题，财政部门明确省与市（州）县8:2配套资金分担比例，有效减轻基层财政压力。2024年全省下达配套资金1.7亿元，2025年已下达2.4亿元，确保资金稳定投入。

　　青海海南州共和县沙珠玉乡曾是一片风沙肆虐的土地。沙珠玉是典型的高寒荒漠沙化地区，素有“风库”之称。20世纪50年代，全年8级以上大风天气达到60余天，“三刮四种”“一刮一挪窝”的现象屡见不鲜。

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　　经过系统治理，沙珠玉乡沙漠化土地面积从90%降到12.3%。“三北”工程启动以来，沙珠玉通过“工程固沙+生物治沙+科技治沙”治理模式，在沙珠玉地区共营造防风固沙林1.49万亩，设置沙障4.8万亩，建成1.05万亩的治沙样板示范区。

　　如今，海南州政府在沙珠玉乡周边的塔拉滩上建起世界上最大的集中式光伏发电园区。目前已建成2100亩生态光伏牧场，形成“板上发电、板下治沙”的生态治理模式，促使塔拉滩风速降低50%、土壤水分蒸发量减少30%、植被盖度恢复到80%。

　　曾经黄沙滔滔的戈壁，如今变为“光伏羊倌”的乐土。叶多家住共和县铁盖乡下合乐寺村，依托光伏园区这个新的“牧场”，该村村民改变了过去“逐水草而居”的放牧模式，光伏板下长大的“光伏羊”走俏市场。

　　青海省林业和草原局局长杜平贵说：“从柴达木的戈壁风沙到共和盆地的流动沙丘，从黄河源头的冻融荒漠到青海湖畔的碧波荡漾，绿色长城在高原大地不断延伸。我们正以‘一步一镐刨绿洲’的坚韧，‘绿富同兴’的执念，书写江源绿色答卷。”