11年了，联合国机构终于裁定：俄罗斯对马航MH17客机被击落负责

译者按：2014年，马航MH17航班从阿姆斯特丹飞往吉隆坡，途经乌克兰东部时被俄罗斯发射的地对空导弹击落。11年过去了，联合国机构“国际民用航空组织理事会”在2025年5月12日裁定，俄罗斯应对马来西亚航空客机在乌克兰被击落事件负责。未来几周内，国际民用航空组织理事会将审议应采取何种形式的赔偿措施。

本文选自《每日电讯报》和联合国“国际民用航空组织理事会”的官网。

据英国媒体《每日电讯报》(The Telegraph)当地时间5月12日报道：

The UN aviation council has ruled that Russia was responsible for the downing of a Malaysian airliner over Ukraine that killed all 298 passengers and crew, prompting calls for “reparations” for the families of victims.

联合国航空理事会(译者注：正式名称为“国际民用航空组织理事会”，简称国际民航组织)裁定，俄罗斯应对马来西亚航空客机在乌克兰被击落事件负责。该起事件造成机上全部298名乘客和机组人员罹难。这一裁定引发了各界呼吁为遇难者家属提供“赔偿”。

Flight MH17 was travelling from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur when it was shot down by a Russian surface-to-air missile while flying over eastern Ukraine in 2014 as fighting raged between pro-Russian separatists and Ukrainian forces. Among the victims were 196 Dutch citizens and 38 Australian citizens or residents.

2014年，马航MH17航班从荷兰的阿姆斯特丹飞往马来西亚的吉隆坡，途经乌克兰东部时被俄罗斯发射的地对空导弹击落。当时，乌克兰亲俄分裂分子与乌克兰政府军正激烈交火。遇难者中包括196名荷兰公民以及38名澳大利亚公民或居民。

(MH17被击落后的现场)

The governments of Australia and the Netherlands said the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) would in the coming weeks consider what form of reparation was in order. Australia’s foreign minister, Penny Wong, said her government welcomed the decision and urged the ICAO to move swiftly to determine remedies. “We call upon Russia to finally face up to its responsibility for this horrific act of violence and make reparations for its egregious conduct, as required under international law,” Wong said in a statement.

澳大利亚与荷兰政府表示，国际民用航空组织理事会(简称国际民航组织)将在未来数周内研究适当的赔偿形式。澳大利亚外交部长黄英贤(Penny Wong)表示，澳方欢迎这一决定，并敦促国际民航组织迅速制定补救措施。黄英贤在一份声明中表示，“我们呼吁俄罗斯最终正视其在这一骇人听闻的暴行中的责任，并根据国际法就其恶劣行为做出赔偿。”

(MH17被击落后的现场)

The Netherlands and Australia want the ICAO Council to order Russia to enter into negotiations over reparations, the Dutch foreign minister said. “The decision is an important step towards establishing the truth and achieving justice and accountability for all victims of Flight MH17, and their families and loved ones,” Caspar Veldkamp said in a statement. “This decision also sends a clear message to the international community: states cannot violate international law with impunity.”

荷兰外交大臣维尔德坎普(Caspar Veldkamp)称，荷兰与澳大利亚希望国际民航组织责令俄罗斯就赔偿问题展开谈判。他在声明中说：“这一决定是朝着查明真相、为MH17航班的全部遇难者及其家属伸张正义与追究责任的重要一步。”“这一决定也向国际社会发出了明确信号：任何国家都不能违反国际法还能逍遥法外。”

(MH17被击落后的现场)

The ICAO said in a statement on Monday evening: “The Russian Federation failed to uphold its obligations under international air law in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.” The CCAO said this was the first time in its history that its council has made a determination on the merits of a dispute between member states. The agency, which is based in Montreal, sets global aviation standards adopted by its 193-member nations but lacks regulatory power.

国际民航组织在周一(5月11日)晚间发布声明称：“俄罗斯联邦在2014年马航MH17航班被击落事件中未能履行国际航空法规定的义务。”国际民航组织表示，这是理事会历史上首次就成员国之间的争端做出实质性裁决。该机构总部设于蒙特利尔(Montreal)，负责制定全球航空标准，其193个成员国均采纳这些标准，但该机构不具备强制执行的监管权力。

Australia and the Netherlands have been seeking compensation and an apology, however Russia, which has denied involvement despite the findings of an international investigation, unilaterally withdrew from negotiations with the two countries in October 2020. The case with the ICAO was launched in 2022 by Australia and the Netherlands.

澳大利亚和荷兰一直寻求赔偿与道歉，尽管国际调查已明确俄罗斯的责任，但俄罗斯仍否认涉事，并在2020年10月单方面退出与两国的谈判。澳大利亚和荷兰于2022年将此案提交至国际民用航空组织。

In November 2022, Dutch judges convicted two Russian men and a Ukrainian man in absentia of murder for their role in the attack. Moscow called the ruling “scandalous” and said it would not extradite its citizens.

2022年11月，荷兰法院以谋杀罪缺席判决两名俄罗斯人和一名乌克兰人罪名成立，三人因参与袭击而被定罪。莫斯科对此判决表示“令人愤慨”，并称不会引渡其公民。

In 2023, a team of international investigators from the Netherlands, Australia, Malaysia, Belgium and Ukraine said there were “strong indications” that Russian president, Vladimir Putin, had personally signed off on a decision to supply the missile that downed flight MH17.

2023年，一个由荷兰、澳大利亚、马来西亚、比利时和乌克兰组成的国际调查小组表示，有“强有力的迹象”显示，俄罗斯总统普京曾亲自批准向相关武装分子提供击落MH17航班的导弹。

联合国“国际民用航空组织理事会”官网消息：

(国际民用航空组织理事会裁定俄罗斯对击落客机MH17负责的新闻发布页面)

Montréal, 12 May 2025 – The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) today voted that the Russian Federation failed to uphold its obligations under international air law in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17.

蒙特利尔，2025年5月12日——国际民用航空组织理事会今日投票裁定，在2014年马来西亚航空MH17航班被击落事件中，俄罗斯联邦未能履行国际航空法规定的义务。

This represents the first time in ICAO’s history that its Council has made a determination on the merits of a dispute between Member States under the Organization’s dispute settlement mechanism.

国际民用航空组织理事会依据该组织的争端解决机制，就成员国之间的争议案作出实质性裁决。这在国际民航组织历史上尚属首次。

The Council agreed that the claims brought by Australia and the Netherlands as a result of the shooting down of Flight MH17 on 17 July 2014, were well founded in fact and in law. The case centered on allegations that the conduct of the Russian Federation in the downing of the aircraft by a surface-to-air missile over eastern Ukraine constitutes a breach of Article 3 bis of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, which requires that States "refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight."

国际民用航空组织理事会一致认为，澳大利亚和荷兰就2014年7月17日MH17航班被击落事件所提出的申诉，在事实和法律上均有充分依据。此案的核心指控是，俄罗斯联邦在该民航班机在乌克兰东部上空被地对空导弹击落一事中，其相关行为违反了《国际民用航空公约》第3条之二，该条款要求缔约国“不得对飞行中的民用航空器使用武器”。

The proceedings involved written submissions and oral hearings spanning multiple Council sessions.

本案审理过程经过多次理事会会议，有书面陈述和口头辩论。

A formal decision document setting out the reasons of fact and law leading to the Council’s conclusions will be issued at a future meeting.

正式裁决文件将在将来的会议上发布，阐述理事会作出结论的事实与法律理由。