中南大学汪馗教授团队:3D打印连续苎麻纤维增强复合材料薄壁结构的几何精度及吸能特性|CJME论文推荐

引用论文

Wang, K., Lin, H., Le Duigou, A. et al. Geometric Accuracy and Energy Absorption Characteristics of 3D Printed Continuous Ramie Fiber Reinforced Thin-Walled Composite Structures. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 36, 150 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-023-00982-7

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1

研究背景及目的

连续纤维增强复合材料具有高比强度、高比刚度和可设计性等优点，通过使用连续纤维增强复合材料来提高薄壁部件的耐撞性得到越来越多的关注。增材制造（AM）为轻松快速地制造纤维增强复合材料薄壁结构提供了工艺基础。然而合成纤维的过度使用很难满足环境友好的要求。因此在这项研究中，聚乳酸（PLA）和连续苎麻纤维因其生物可降解性和合适的机械性能被用作薄壁结构的基体和增强材料。对连续纤维增强薄壁结构的可打印性和准静态压缩下的变形模式和能量吸收机制进行了研究，揭示了3D打印连续纤维增强复合材料薄壁结构的结构-力学性能关系。

2

试验方法

在这项研究中，通过准静态压缩试验测试了3D打印连续苎麻纤维增强复合材料薄壁结构的压溃特性。试验通过万能试验机（E44，美国MTS公司）进行，加载速率为室温下10 mm/min。相应的载荷是在压缩位移范围内由传感器测量的。对每种截面形状的试样都进行了至少三次重复试验以确保实验的可靠性。结构的机械性能是这些测试的平均结果，并提供了相应的实验误差。使用数码相机（EOS 5D，Mark IV，日本佳能公司）记录薄壁结构的整个压缩变形过程，数码相机的频率为每秒60帧（fps）。用光学显微镜（AO-3M150GS，AOSVI，中国深圳）观察了不同打印参数组合的试件在低倍放大下的形态特征。此外还使用场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）（S-4800，FE-SEM，日本日立公司）观察了测试结构在准静态压缩条件下的典型失效特性。

Figure 1Method for manufacturing the biocomposite: (a) Schematic of the 3D printing process, (b) Designed thin-walled structures

3

结果

本研究中由于正四边形在转角处具有最大的曲率，所以选择四边形截面形状的薄壁结构进行打印参数和打印路径优化。结果表面在较高打印速度（300 mm/min和 500 mm/min）下，试件的打印几何精度随着打印层厚的增加而降低。当打印速度较低时（100 mm/min），层厚为0.25 mm的试样的形状精度优于层厚为0.2 mm的。此外，本研究中路径优化的圆角半径分别设置为R = 1 mm、R = 2 mm和R = 3 mm。研究发现使用R = 1 mm的圆角可以进一步提升结构的打印质量。对具有良好打印精度的试件进行准静态压缩，结果发现所有截面形状的试件均为渐进式折叠的变形模式，并且通过塑性变形、纤维断裂和分层等组合失效形式实现能量吸收。与其他截面形状结构相比，圆形薄壁结构的比能量吸收（SEA）和载荷效率（CFE）较低，而初始峰值力（PCF）较高，表明本研究中圆形薄壁结构的能量吸收性能不如其他结构，这与圆形薄壁结构形成的折叠较少有关。与四边形结构相比，六边形截面的薄壁结构具有更高的SEA。虽然正方形结构的EA和SEA低于六边形结构，但它的PCF更低，这在一些更注重安全保护的能量吸收应用中是有益的。

Figure 2Crosse-sectional images of specimens with different shapes under a printing speed of 100 mm/min and a layer thickness of 0.4 mm

4

结论

本研究采用原位浸渍3D打印技术，通过优化打印参数和打印路径，成功制造出具有良好打印精度的连续苎麻纤维增强薄壁结构。研究了不同截面形状的结构在准静态轴向加载条件下的失效模式和能量吸收特性。根据实验结果，得出以下结论：

(1）3D打印的薄壁结构在打印速度为100 mm/min、打印层厚为0.25 mm的条件下几何精度最佳。试样转角处的打印缺陷随着打印速度的增加而增加，过低的层厚会降低转角处的几何精度。

(2) 通过优化打印路径可以进一步提高转角的形状精度。

(3) 本研究中的所有薄壁结构在准静态压缩过程中都呈现出渐进式折叠的变形模式。

(4) 打印的薄壁结构的能量吸收是通过塑性变形、纤维断裂和分层等组合失效形式实现的。

(5) 正六边形结构的SEA最高。正方形结构的能量吸收低于正六边形结构，但CFE较高。

5

前景与应用

将本研究中薄壁结构的SEA和CFE与文献中报道的其他薄壁结构在准静态压缩条件下的进行比较，发现3D打印连续苎麻纤维增强薄壁结构的CFE和SEA与其他结构相似，甚至更高，这表明其在能量吸收器方面具有巨大的应用潜力。除此之外，文献中的薄壁结构大多由金属、不可降解塑料和短纤维增强复合材料制成。相比之下，本研究中的薄壁结构是由可生物降解的聚乳酸和天然苎麻纤维制成的。3D打印连续苎麻纤维增强薄壁结构在满足环保和可持续性要求的同时，有望应用于能量吸收器。

相关文章/图书推荐

[1] G W Zhou, Q P Sun, J Fenner, et al. Crushing behaviors of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites under dynamic bending and axial crushing loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020, 140: 103539.

[2] J Wang, Y S Liu, K Wang, et al. Progressive collapse behaviors and mechanisms of 3D printed thin-walled composite structures under multi-conditional loading. Thin-Walled Structures, 2022, 171: 108810.

[3] Y Ibrahim, G W Melenka, R Kempers. Additive manufacturing of continuous wire polymer composites. Manufacturing Letters, 2018, 16: 49-51.

[4] N S Ha, G X Lu. Thin-walled corrugated structures: A review of crashworthiness designs and energy absorption characteristics. Thin-Walled Structures, 2020, 157: 106995.

课题组带头人

汪馗，中南大学交通运输工程学院教授、博士研究生导师。2007年武汉理工大学机械专业本科毕业，2013年法国斯特拉斯堡大学力学专业博士毕业后在国外工作5年，2017年回国到中南大学工作至今。目前主要从事轨道交通材料与结构一体化创新设计制造等方面的研究工作。发表学术论文100余篇，包括Composites Science and Technology，Composites Part A，Composites Part B，Composite Structures等。

作者介绍

张洪浩 （本文通讯作者），山东大学机械工程学院助理研究员、硕士生导师。目前主要从事车辆结构强度与动力学等方面的研究工作。共发表SCI论文50余篇，包括IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics、Information Sciences、International Journal of Mechanical Sciences、Engineering Structures等。

课题组研究方向

汪馗教授所带领的轨道交通材料与结构一体化创新设计制造团队，研究方向主要包括轨道交通材料与结构全生命周期服役安全；3D/4D打印技术与产品设计评价；材料-结构-功能多尺度设计；冲击动力学与极端力学；再制造技术与资源再利用等。

近年课题组发表文章

[1] Repeatable compressive functionality of 3D printed shape-memory thin-walled corrugated structures, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2023.

[2] A hybrid multi-stage decision-making method with probabilistic interval-valued hesitant fuzzy set for 3D printed composite material selection, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2023.

[3] A novel 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced variable stiffness biocomposite honeycomb structure, Vacuum, 2023.

[4] Advances in hybrid fibers reinforced polymer-based composites prepared by FDM: A review on mechanical properties and prospects, Composites Communications, 2023.

[5] A hierarchical analytical model for twisted yarn reinforced plant fiber composites considering dual-scale filler content, porosity and local aggregation effect, Composite Structures, 2023.

[6] Reversible energy absorbing behaviors of shape-memory thin-walled structures, Engineering Structures, 2023.

[7] 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite lightweight structures: A review and outlook, Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023.

[8] Improving the mechanical properties of 3D printed recycled polypropylene‐based composites through adjusting printing temperature, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2023.

[9] Study on the Cell Magnification Equivalent Method in Out-of-Plane Compression Simulations of Aluminum Honeycomb, Sustainability, 2023.

[10] A novel dual-nozzle 3D printing method for continuous fiber reinforced composite cellular structures, Composites Communications, 2023.

[11] Effects of loading rate and temperature on crushing behaviors of 3D printed multi-cell composite tubes, Thin-Walled Structures, 2023.

[12] Effect of heat‐treatment on compressive response of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites under different loading directions, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2023.

[13] Quasi-static penetration property of 3D printed woven-like ramie fiber reinforced biocomposites, Composite Structures, 2023.

[14] Materials selection of 3D printed polyamide-based composites at different strain rates: A case study of automobile front bumpers, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2022.

[15] Investigation on the mechanical properties of 3D printed hybrid continuous fiber-filled composite considering influence of interfaces, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2022.

[16] Study on intralaminar crack propagation mechanisms in single-and multi-layer 2D woven composite laminate, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022.

[17] Investigation on dynamic strength of 3D‐printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposites at various strain rates using machine learning methods, Polymer Composites, 2022.

[18] Investigations of quasi‐static indentation properties of 3D printed polyamide/continuous Kevlar/continuous carbon fiber composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2022.

[19] Compressive property and shape memory effect of 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposite corrugated structures, Smart Materials and Structures, 2022.

[20] Geometric limitations of 3D printed continuous flax-fiber reinforced biocomposites cellular lattice structures, Composites Part C: Open Access, 100313, 2022.

[21] A hybrid MCDM-based optimization method for cutting-type energy-absorbing structures of subway vehicles, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 65 (8), 1-20, 2022.

[22] Tailoring interfacial properties of 3D-printed continuous natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites through parameter optimization using machine learning methods, Materials Today Communications 32, 103985,2022.

[23] On impact behaviors of 3D concave structures with negative Poisson’s ratio, Composite Structures, 115999, 2022.

[24] Shape memory performance of PETG 4D printed parts under compression in cold, warm, and hot programming, Smart Materials and Structures 31 (8), 085002, 2022.

[25] Investigations of quasi-static indentation properties of 3D printed Polyamide/continuous Kevlar/continuous carbon fiber composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2022.

[26] Investigation on dynamic strength of 3D-printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocomposites at various strain rates using machine learning methods, Polymer Composites, 2022.

[27] Contributions of interfaces on the mechanical behavior of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composites, Construction and Building Materials, 2022.

[28] Effects of printing direction on quasi‐static and dynamic compressive behavior of 3D printed short fiber reinforced polyamide‐based composites, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2022.

[29] Application of machine learning methods on dynamic strength analysis for additive manufactured polypropylene-based composites, Polymer Testing, 2022.

[30] An integrated prediction model for processing related yield strength of extrusion-based additive manufactured polymers, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022.

[31] On crashworthiness behaviors of 3D printed multi-cell filled thin-walled structures, Engineering Structures, 2022.

[32] The crack propagation and dynamic impact responses of tempered laminated glass used in high-speed trains, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2022.

[33] Progressive collapse behaviors and mechanisms of 3D printed thin-walled composite structures under multi-conditional loading, thin walled structures, 2022.

[34] Passenger overall comfort in high-speed railway environments based on EEG: Assessment and degradation mechanism, Building and Environment, 2022.

[35] Interfacial behaviors of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymers manufactured by fused filament fabrication: A review and prospect, International Journal of Material Forming, 2022.

作 者：汪 馗

责任编辑：谢雅洁

责任校对： 张 强

审 核：张 强

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