【船长经验】大堡礁水域航行注意事项

大堡礁水域航行注意事项

郑常明 船长

引言

澳洲的大堡礁被誉为世界七大自然景观之一，是世界最大、最长的珊瑚礁群，大堡礁北起托雷斯海峡（Torres strait）南到南回归线以南，在澳大利亚东北部绵延伸展共有2011公里，最宽处161公里，面积达34，800平方公里，由2900多个单独的珊瑚礁组成，1981年被列入世界自然遗产名录。

大堡礁内航道经过的港口很多，如Cains,Townsville,Mackay,Hay Point,Port Alma,Gladstone等等，我轮多次挂靠Port Alma卸货，然后在澳洲装货回国，所以经常从北到南，再从南到北航行于大堡礁内航道。在这里我们进行了归纳和总结，供海员朋友们参考。

一、进入澳洲文件准备工作：

1-按照代理要求提前准备好Forms13(Pre Arrival Report) and Form 3B，我轮提前10天发给代理。

2-督促船员公司准备好船员的MCV LIST,并发邮件告知代理。

3-准备好MARS 和 Ballast water report, 提前96小时发给代理，让代理帮忙投递。然后会收到澳洲农业和渔业部发来的BSD ver1,ver2,ver3.靠泊那栏的指示变绿灯，才可以靠泊，如果没收到ver3,提前一天联系代理。

4-其他的港口文件，在此不赘述。

注意：进入澳洲水域前，督促二副将C站通讯卫星选择为太平洋卫星，NAV AREA选择10区，STATION CODE选择船舶航行的区域（请参考NP285第256页）。以此来接收EGC和NAV WARNING航警信息,Reef VTS 播报SEI安全信息也是通过C站接收。确保正确设置。

二、引航服务：

据引水告知，大堡礁水域有两家引航公司，一个是Torres Pilots Pty Ltd；另一个是Australian Reef Pilots.。每家公司大概有20个引水，一共40来个引水。托罗斯海峡这边允许最大船舶吃水是12.15m。引航费用每天大概8000美金。

整个托罗斯海峡连接大堡礁航路分为：

1-Varzin passage,Gannet passage and Prince of wales channel

2-The Great North East Channel

3-The Inner Route

4-The Outer Route

从不同方向进入大堡礁水域的航道有：

1-Inner Route

2-Great North East Channel

3-Hydrographer’s Passage

4-Palm Passage

5-Grafton Passage

具体参考下图：

本文着重介绍内航路，内航道南北引航距离大概470.7-489.3海里之间（根据吃水），结合本轮实际，从Torres strait上引水到Cains PBG下引水，经由Gannet Passaged>>Prince of Wales Channel>>Inner Route，挂靠Port Alma卸货为例。

代理订好引水后，引水站会询问一下船舶细节和航次信息。报文如下：

+++++quote+++++

To: Master

Cc: ADDRESSED

Cc: Torres Pilots Thursday Island

Fm: Torres Pilots Brisbane

G'day Captain,

We’re pleased to acknowledge your Torres Pilot booking for Booby Island PBG (Lat 10 36'S Long 141 50'E) basis your current ETA of 1900LT, for marine pilot boarding0600LT, the 12th of January.

Your booking reference is: TP88722

Please quote this number when requested by REEFVTS prior to entering Torres Strait.

Masters are reminded of the compulsory reporting requirements of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait Vessel Traffic Service (REEFVTS). Full details of how to provide the required reports can be found in the following publications: ALRS Volume 6 (4), Seafarer’s Handbook and REEFVTS user guide. Related information is available on the Maritime Safety Queensland website : https://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Shipping/Reefvts.aspx#reefrep

Send your 96/72/48/24/12 then 6 hourly ETA updates to our Thursday Island (Torres Strait) pilot base emailtioperations@torrespilots.com.au and operations@torrespilots.com.au Local Time is (UTC+10).

To ensure compliance with SOLAS, vessels must have up-to-date navigational charts and nautical publications relevant to their intended voyage into Australian waters (either corrected physical charts or two independent IMO compliant ECDIS units). Vessel’s should also carry the Australian Mariner’s Handbook (AHP20) issued by the Australian Hydrographic Office - https://www.hydro.gov.au/prodserv/publications/AHP20_Edition_5.pdf. Please confirm up-to-date charts and publications are on board.

The Master and OOW are requested to read the attached guidance notes prior to pilot boarding. The signed document is to be presented to the embarking pilot.

Reduce the trim of your vessel to a maximum 3.0m for safe transit, to maximise tidal windows and to minimise the squat effect during your Torres Strait transit. AMSA’s compulsory UKCM system for vessels with drafts > 9.0m cannot calculate tidal windows where there is more than 3.0m trim.

Please provide the following information and stability details(alternate terms in brackets):

- Intended route (Great North East Channel or Inner Route)

- Intended operational water speed for transit

- IMO no

- Call sign

- Voyage number

- Draught FWD, MID & AFT

- Laden / ballast condition

- Displacement at draught

- KM (KMT, TKM)

- VCG (KG solid, VCG total)

- GMS (GMT)

- FSC (G’G, GG0, GGO, FS COR)

- GMF (G’MT, GM COR, G0M, GOM, GM ACT)

- Manoeuvring RPM/speed table, including minimum dead slow ahead speed

- Confirm steering can be achieved at minimum dead slow ahead

- Any dangerous cargo onboard

- Last port and next port

- Contact Telephone Number

- Pilot ladder including manropes meet SOLAS regulations and have been regularly inspected for any defects. If freeboard is over 9m please rig combination ladder with pilot ladder.

- Confirm there are no obstructions to designated pilot boarding area that will impede with pilot transfer

- If convenient, please arrange to have an emergency steering drill or instruction and emergency generator test conducted prior to your arrival (a steering gear, generator or main engine failure within the GBR pose the greatest risks to groundings & possible pollution due to the close proximity of the reefs & the long duration of pilotage so this would be a wise precaution.

- Advise any defects or deficiencies that may affect safe passage - Bridge equipment (radars, gyro compass & repeaters, magnetic compass [deviation >5 degrees]). Radio equipment (inmc C, VHF radio, satellite phone).

Best regards,

Will Hayes – Operations

Torres Pilots Brisbane

Tel: 61 7 3217 9544

Email: operations@torrespilots.com.au

我轮回复如下：

- Intended route (Great North East Channel or Inner Route)—Inner route

- Intended operational water speed for transit—12.4kn

- IMO no.********

- Call sign:*******

- Voyage number:2309

- Draught :FWD=3.25m, MID=4.30m & AFT =5.50m

- Laden / ballast condition=Laden

- Displacement at draught=11480

- KM (KMT, TKM) =13.51m

- VCG (KG solid, VCG total) =5.52m

- GMS (GMT) =7.99m

- FSC (G’G, GG0, GGO, FS COR) =1.28m

- GMF (G’MT, GM COR, G0M, GOM, GM ACT) =6.71m

- Manoeuvring RPM/speed table, including minimum dead slow ahead speed:

Full-137rpm-12.4kt

Half-120rpm-10.4kt

Slow-104rpm-8.6kt

D/slow-65rpm-4.8kt

- Confirm steering can be achieved at minimum dead slow ahead :Yes

- Any dangerous cargo onboard: Yes

- Last port and next port: Subic bay,Philippines / Port Alma,AUS

- Contact Telephone Number:+86 174 9995 0351

- Pilot ladder including manropes meet SOLAS regulations and have been regularly inspected for any defects. If freeboard is over 9m please rig combination ladder with pilot ladder：Yes

- Confirm there are no obstructions to designated pilot boarding area that will impede with pilot transfer：Yes

- If convenient, please arrange to have an emergency steering drill or instruction and emergency generator test conducted prior to your arrival (a steering gear, generator or main engine failure within the GBR pose the greatest risks to groundings & possible pollution due to the close proximity of the reefs & the long duration of pilotage so this would be a wise precaution: Yes, already done.

- Advise any defects or deficiencies that may affect safe passage - Bridge equipment (radars, gyro compass & repeaters, magnetic compass [deviation >5 degrees]). Radio equipment (inmc C, VHF radio, satellite phone): All in good order.

++++unquote++++

引水站还会提前发过来整个内航路的转向点，要求二副输入ECDIS，并按照要求对ECDIS相关报警值进行设置，同时对驾驶台团队提出了具体要求：

1-Set ECDIS Cross Track Error Alarm at 2 cables(0.2nm)

2-Set ECDIS waypoint Arrival Alarm to 7 cables(0.7nm)

3-Monitor and plot the vessel’s position at least every 15 minutes

4-Advise the Pilot immediately if Cross Track Error of vessel exceeds 2 cables(0.2nm)

5-Inform the Pilot when the vessel is 1nm from the next waypoint

6-Maintain listening watch on VHF Channel 16 and Reef VTS Channel 11 or 14

7-Reef VTS:OOW to monitor vessel’s Sat C equipment for Ship Encounter Information(SEI) and advise the Pilot of any updates

8-OOW&Helmsman must be familiar with emergency procedures for steering gear failure including use of the Non-Follow UP(NFU) lever for steering

9-All engineers on watch must be familiar with procedures for local steering control

10-Australian Law requires a smoke-free workplace

2. A.引水站提供的内航路转向点(从北到南)如下图：

2. B.北上时引水站提供的内航路转向点(从南到北)如下图：（吃水不同选择的航路不同）

• 三、托罗斯海峡上引水（Torres strait）

根据引航规定：

1-东行船吃水超过8米（包括8米），在Booby Island(10-36.3S 141-49.8E)

2-东行船吃水小于8米，在Goods Island(10-33.9S 142-04.39E)

我轮东行接近托罗斯海峡Torres strait，吃水5.5m,在靠里面的Goods Island 接引水。保持VHF CH20&79 联系引水（引水梯下风舷1.5米，2根扶手绳，1根撇缆绳；引水登船速度6节）。

如下图所示：

注意事项：进入澳洲水域前要做好主机正倒车试验以及应急舵演练等；特别注意航道口狭窄，控制速度，与出口船协调好进出顺序，谨慎驾驶。

四、内航道航行注意事项:

1-引水在Goods Island上船后,车加到SEA SPEED以对抗强流。

2-Hammond Lt & Ince Lt, Strong E/W streams。有强流需要特别关注。

3-Creech Rf Lt,Strong E/W Tides。注意东西向的涨落潮流，密切关注风流压差。

4-Corbett Rf Lt, Strong E/W Tides。注意东西向的涨落潮流，密切关注风流压差。

5-南下航道上有两个浅点，做到心里有数。如下图：

此处浅点的概位：10-30.693S 142-20.043E

此处浅点的概位：14-42.835S 145-07.374E

注意： 根据船舶吃水，引水会选择其他航路，绕开浅点。

6-引水临时休息时，一般要求驾驶员在转向点前3海里叫引水。

7-距离转向点1海里，通知引水，并提醒引水下一个航向。

8-驾驶员密切关注舵工操舵，如有疑问，及时向引水澄清。

9-C站会收到REEF VTS提醒我轮的SEI安全信息，及时拿给引水看（如图所示）。

10-内航道行驶，要与来船保持足够的DCPA，即便是航道较窄的水域，也要保证0.4nm，避免在窄的弯道会遇，控制速度，谨慎驾驶。

11-驾驶员每隔15分钟定位，利用多种方法定位查核船位。

12-引水在船不解除船长和驾驶员对航行安全所负的责任，请保持认真瞭望，谨慎驾驶。

整个航段的高风险区:Navigation in the Prince of Wales Channel and approches

五、Cains PBG凯恩斯下引水：

本轮在Cains PBG”A”下引水，VHF CH79与引航站联系，引水梯下风舷1.5米，两根扶手绳和一根干净的撇缆绳，做个下风，船速控制在6节，引水离船。注意Cains进出港船，控制好船速，谨慎驾驶。

自Goods Islands上引水到Cains下引水，共计航行470.7海里，历时1天13个小时。

六、REEF VTS报告注意事项：

1-Reef VTS 覆盖区域如下图：

2-进出大堡礁水域，要发进入报ER和结束报FR.

a)提前编辑好ER进入报，距离报告线大概提前1小时发送，发送成功后，用VHF CH14 or CH11频道喊Reef VTS，问其是否收到“进入报”？待到报告线时正常报告“进入”即可。报文请参考澳洲航海员手册AHP20 第174-175页或者Reef VTS User Guide第10页。

b)结束报：出了大堡礁水域要发结束报FR,同时向Reef VTS报告离开大堡礁水域，VTS会告知报文已经收到。报文请参考澳洲航海员手册AHP20 第175页或者Reef VTS User Guide第11页。

c)特殊情况：如果挂靠大堡礁水域内的港口，靠港后发送结束报FR,锚地抛锚不必发送。待开航前，大概提前1小时发送大堡礁进入报ER，并用VHF CH11 or 14 进行确认报文是否收到？

d)进出Reef VTS覆盖区域报告点参考：

BOOBY,BRAMBLE,GRAFTON,PALM,BLOSSOM,SWAIN,SANDY CAPE，参考下图所示。

3-Reef VTS区域以纬度180-00‘S分为VTS North Area 和VTS South Area。

发送进入报ER或结束报FR时，注意邮箱地址：

VTS North Area：reefvtsnorth@msq.qld.gov.au

VTS South Area: reefvtssouth@msq.qld.gov.au

4-大堡礁区域航行频道值守，如下图所示：（二副可以用user chart功能在ECDIS上进行标识，并监控）

七、大堡礁航行AMSA要求：

1-主机备车航行。

2-舵机工况正常。

3-双锚解绑、刹车刹紧、止链器就位、应急备变。

4-禁止压排水操作。

5-禁止任何垃圾入海。

6-甲板落水孔塞子全部塞好。

注意：从南向北航行，也是在Cains PBG这边上引水（这几次我轮都是在Cains PBG“ALPHA”引水站）。然后根据船舶吃水在托罗斯海峡的Goods Island or Booby Island下引水。

再有，在大堡礁内行驶，严格按照推荐航路行驶，遵守大堡礁航行规则。

结语

以上是我轮多次航行大堡礁水域总结的一些经验，希望对于船员朋友们有些许帮助。如有疏漏和不当之处，还请批评指正，在此不胜感激。

参考材料：

1-Reef VTS User Guide-2022

2-AHP20-Edition 5

3-Mastrep Guide,Feb 2016

4-NP286 (4)

船长 郑常明

2024.1.30

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郑常明 船长