《北京周报》年终盘点：2023年国际十大新闻

10月12日，在加沙地带南部城市拉法，一名男子抱着小女孩走在遭以色列空袭的受损建筑中。（新华社）

巴以冲突升级

Intensified Palestinian-Israeli Conflict

当地时间10月7日早上7时左右，巴勒斯坦伊斯兰抵抗运动（哈马斯）发射至少5000枚火箭弹袭击以色列，同时对以色列南部城镇发动地面袭击。

以色列随即猛烈报复，除持续空袭轰炸外，还对加沙地带实施了全面封锁。截止12月27日，本轮冲突已导致2万多人死亡。多方呼吁立即停火，尽快制止流血事件。

本轮巴以冲突爆发以来，中国同有关各方开展密集沟通，积极参与联合国安理会磋商，全力劝和促谈，推动局势降温。巴勒斯坦问题是中东问题的核心，中方始终认为，解决巴勒斯坦问题的根本出路在于“两国方案”，即建立以1967年边界为基础、以东耶路撒冷为首都、享有完全主权的独立的巴勒斯坦国。

Around 7 a.m. on October 7, the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) waged a surprise attack on Israel, firing at least 5,000 rockets into the country and launching ground attacks on the Israeli towns bordering the Palestinian enclave, the Gaza Strip.

Israel subsequently launched retaliatory airstrikes on the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip and imposed a siege on the densely inhabited area. As of December 21, this latest military conflict between Israel and the Palestinian militant group had claimed over 20,000 lives and drawn increasingly strong worldwide calls for an immediate ceasefire and an early end to the bloodshed.

Since the outbreak of the still ongoing conflict, China has maintained close communication with related parties, actively participated in UN Security Council consultations, and made every effort to promote peace talks and a de-escalation of the situation. China firmly believes that the fundamental way out of the Palestinian question, which is at the heart of broader conflict in the Middle East, lies in the implementation of the two-state solution, which guarantees an independent Palestinian state according to the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.

国际货币基金组织（IMF）10月10日在摩洛哥马拉喀什发布最新一期《世界经济展望报告》，预计全球经济增速将从2022年的3.5%放缓至2023年的3.0%和2024年的2.9%。（新华社）

全球经济复苏缓慢

Sluggish World Economic Recovery

2023年全球经济逐渐走出新冠疫情阴影，但全球经济增长仍然缓慢且不均衡。

相比新兴市场和发展中经济体，发达经济体的经济增速放缓更为明显。国际货币基金组织（IMF）10月发布《世界经济展望报告》，预计全球经济增速将从2022年的3.5%放缓至2023年的3%和2024年的2.9%。同月，联合国贸易和发展会议发布《2023年贸易和发展报告》，预测世界经济增长从2022年的3%放缓至2023年的2.4%，也几乎没有迹象预示在2024年能够反弹。

当前，各国经济复苏表现分化，面临的挑战不尽相同。全球经济碎片化正在加剧，不仅导致实现繁荣的成本攀升，还妨碍了气候变化、全球疫情、能源和粮食安全等领域的全球多边合作。因此，加强国际合作，共同应对全球经济下行压力对整个国际社会来说至关重要。

Global economic growth continued to be slow and uneven in 2023 as economies emerged from the shadows of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The challenge is more pronounced in advanced economies than in emerging and developing markets. According to the International Monetary Fund's October World Economic Outlook, global growth is forecast to slow from 3.5 percent in 2022 to 3 percent in 2023 and 2.9 percent in 2024. The UN Conference on Trade and Development also reported in October that world economic growth is expected to decelerate from 3 percent last year to 2.4 percent through 2023, with limited signs of a rebound in 2024.

Countries are in varying stages of economic recovery, but they face many common challenges. The intensification of geo-economics fragmentation will not only mean high costs for global prosperity but also hamper multilateral cooperation on providing crucial public goods, such as fighting climate change and future pandemics, and ensuring energy and food security. Under such circumstances, strengthening cooperation and jointly addressing the global economic downturn have become especially important issues for the international community.

当地时间11月15日，国家主席习近平在美国旧金山斐洛里庄园同美国总统拜登举行中美元首会晤。这是会谈后，拜登邀请习近平一道在斐洛里庄园里散步。（新华社）

中美元首会晤

Xi-Biden Historic Summit

应美国总统拜登邀请，国家主席习近平于11月14日至17日赴美国旧金山，举行两国元首旧金山会晤，同时应邀出席亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议。

两国元首面对面深度交流，就树立彼此正确认知、妥善管控分歧、推进对话合作等最突出问题提出指导性意见，就应对巴以冲突、乌克兰危机以及气候变化、人工智能等全球性挑战进行全方位沟通，进一步探讨了中美两个大国的正确相处之道，进一步明确了中美共同肩负的大国责任，形成了面向未来的“旧金山愿景”，为实现中美关系的健康、稳定、可持续发展指明了方向，规划了蓝图。

At the invitation of U.S. President Joe Biden, Chinese President Xi Jinping traveled to the United States from November 14 to 17 for a China-U.S. summit and the 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Leaders' Meeting.

Xi and Biden on November 15 held a positive, comprehensive and constructive summit, charting the course for improving and developing bilateral ties. The historic summit came at a critical juncture as the international community pushes for a more stable China-U.S. relationship.

Face to face, the two heads of state put forward guiding principles on the most prominent issues between the two countries, such as developing a correct understanding of each other, properly managing differences, and strengthening dialogue and cooperation. They further discussed the right way for both countries to get along with each other, clarified their shared responsibilities as major countries, and mapped out the direction and blueprint for the sound, stable and sustainable development of China-U.S. relations.

美国人工智能公司OpenAI网站截图 （FILE）

ChatGPT引领AI新浪潮

ChatGPT Leads AI Development

美国人工智能公司OpenAI的大语言模型ChatGPT去年11月问世后仅两个月，活跃用户已达到1亿。1月，微软公司宣布将向OpenAI进行一项为期多年、价值数十亿美元的投资，以加速其在人工智能领域的技术突破。3月，OpenAI公布了其大语言模型的最新版本——GPT-4。

随着ChatGPT掀起新一轮大语言模型技术发展浪潮，全球纷纷集聚人工智能创新资源，开展大模型创新算法及关键技术的研究。

生成式人工智能技术的快速发展为社会经济发展创造了新的机遇，但同时传播虚假消息和侵害个人信息权益等问题也随之而来。国家网信办等七部门联合公布《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》，于8月15日起施行。8月31日，百度宣布人工智能大模型文心一言向公众开放，这也是我国首批通过备案向大众开放服务的大语言模型。

The chatbot ChatGPT, which debuted in November 2022, has gone viral in 2023, with its developer OpenAI gaining more than 100 million active users in just two months after its launch. In January, Microsoft announced that it would make a large investment in OpenAI to accelerate its technological breakthroughs in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In March, OpenAI released GPT-4, the latest language model for the ChatGPT AI chatbot.

With ChatGPT leading a new wave of generalist large language model (LLM) technology development, the world is pooling AI innovation resources to carry out research into LLM algorithms and key technologies.

The rapid growth of generative AI technology has created new opportunities for economic and social development. However, it has also given rise to issues like the dissemination of false information and the compromise of personal data security. On August 15, an interim regulation on the management of generative AI services went into effect in China. After that, Chinese search giant Baidu launched its ChatGPT-like service ERNIE Bot for public use. It is one of the first batch of Chinese companies given permission to allow regular public access to generative AI bots.

俄国防部7月30日宣布，3架无人机当天清晨袭击莫斯科，其中一架无人机在莫斯科州上空被防空系统击毁，另两架无人机被电子压制后失控，在非居民区坠毁。这是7月30日在俄罗斯莫斯科拍摄的被无人机袭击的建筑。(新华社)

俄乌冲突持久胶着

Russia-Ukraine Conflict Continues

乌克兰危机仍在延宕，数百万人流离失所。冲突已经造成大量人员伤亡，加剧全球能源和粮食短缺，使欧洲陷入长久地缘政治冲突漩涡，地区和全球安全形势持续恶化。俄乌双方似乎在战场和谈判桌上都陷入了僵局。

6月23日，因俄乌冲突而名声大噪的俄罗斯瓦格纳雇佣兵集团总裁叶夫根尼·普里戈任发起了一场对俄武装叛乱。

一天后，在白俄罗斯总统卢卡申科的调停下，普里戈任与莫斯科达成和解。8月23日，一架由莫斯科飞往圣彼得堡的私人飞机在俄罗斯的特维尔州坠毁，机上人员全部遇难，其中包括普里戈任以及瓦格纳集团的几乎所有高层领导。

2月，外交部发布了《关于政治解决乌克兰危机的中国立场》文件，提出了12点标本兼治的危机解决方案，重申通过对话协商结束俄乌冲突的必要性。

The Ukraine crisis continues to drag on, with millions of people displaced. The crisis has also caused many casualties, created geopolitical confrontation in Europe, intensified global energy and food shortages, and undermined regional and international security. Russia and Ukraine appear to have reached a deadlock on the battlefield and at the negotiating table.

Yevgeny Prigozhin, head of the Wagner military group that made its name known to the world by fighting Ukraine on the battlefield, attempted to organize an armed rebellion in Moscow on June 23.

He instead reached a compromise with Moscow through the mediation of Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko a day later. On August 23, Prigozhin and some senior members of the Wagner group died of an air crash in Russia's Tver Region, en route from Moscow to St. Petersburg.

To push forward the political settlement of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Chinese Foreign Ministry released a paper stating Beijing's position on the issue in February. In the paper, China put forward a 12-point proposal to end the conflict in Ukraine by addressing both the symptoms and the root causes of the crisis, and reiterated the necessity to end the conflict through dialogue and negotiation.

8月21日，在南非约翰内斯堡，一名男子在金砖国家领导人第十五次会晤举办场所桑顿会展中心内的媒体中心拍照。(新华社)

金砖扩容

BRICS Membership Expansion

新冠疫情爆发以来的金砖国家间首场线下峰会于8月22日至24日在南非约翰内斯堡召开。本次峰会的主要议题包括深化合作以及金砖机制扩员。

会议宣布，邀请沙特、埃及、阿联酋、阿根廷、伊朗、埃塞俄比亚正式成为金砖成员，成员身份于2024年1月1日生效。此次扩员展现出金砖机制的强大生命力和影响力，金砖国家已经成为国际舞台上一支不可忽视的重要力量。

金砖国家秉持开放、包容、合作、共赢的金砖精神。金砖国家合作的成功实践给那些既希望加快发展又希望保持独立性的发展中国家注入了信心。自建立伊始，金砖机制坚持对话不对抗，结伴不结盟的原则，推动践行真正的多边主义，恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，维护以联合国为核心的国际体系和以国际法为基础的国际秩序。

The first face-to-face summit after COVID-19 of BRICS, a group named after the world's five leading emerging economies—Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on August 22-24. Key agenda items discussed included closer cooperation and the expansion of the group's membership.

At the summit, leaders agreed to invite six more countries—Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates—to become members as of January 1, 2024. As the BRICS concept gains increasing recognition, the group has become an important force in shaping the international landscape.

The value of BRICS stems from the independence, equality, openness and inclusiveness it promotes. Successful BRICS cooperation brings confidence to developing countries that hope to accelerate their development while maintaining their independence. Since the very beginning, the BRICS mechanism has been guided by the principle of dialogue without confrontation and partnerships instead of military alliances. BRICS countries are committed to observing the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, international law and basic norms governing international relations.

6月6日，在沙特阿拉伯利雅得，伊朗副外长比格德利（前）、沙特副外交大臣优素福（中）等出席伊朗驻沙特阿拉伯大使馆复馆仪式。（新华社）

伊朗沙特历史性和解

Iran-Saudi Arabia Reconciliation

在长期对立之后，沙特阿拉伯和伊朗在中国的斡旋下同意恢复外交关系。3月10日，中国、沙特和伊朗发表三方联合声明，三国宣布，沙特和伊朗同意在至多两个月内重开双方使馆和代表机构，同意两国外长举行会晤，安排互派大使，并探讨加强双边关系。

沙特外交大臣费萨尔和伊朗外长阿卜杜拉希扬4月6日在北京举行会晤，双方宣布即日起恢复外交关系并签署联合声明。

伊朗和沙特复交促进了地区稳定和平。这是对话的胜利、和平的胜利，也是中国特色大国外交的重要成果，展现了中国的大国担当。

After years of open hostility, Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to restore diplomatic ties after engaging in talks facilitated by China. In a statement jointly released with China on March 10, Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to reopen their embassies and diplomatic missions within two months, hold talks between their foreign ministers on arrangements for exchanging ambassadors, and explore ways to improve bilateral ties.

On April 6, Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud and Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian met in Beijing and confirmed the two countries' commitment to resuming diplomatic relations.

The handshake between the two Middle Eastern countries in Beijing was a major win for security and stability in the Middle East. It is considered a victory for dialogue and peace and a testament to the effectiveness of China's diplomatic approach, as well as its growing global role.

3月13日，客户在美国加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉市硅谷银行总部外排队等候办理业务。美国硅谷银行3月10日因资不抵债遭金融监管部门关闭。（新华社）

美国银行业危机

U.S. Banking Crisis

3月10日，硅谷银行破产，成为美国史上倒闭的第二大银行。该事件引发了美国和国际银行业动荡。一周后，美国签名银行和第一共和银行也相继倒闭。

美国银行倒闭潮的影响迅速蔓延至欧洲，瑞士信贷陷入了相似的困境。美欧银行接连“爆雷”，业界人士担心这次的银行倒闭事件将成为系统性危机。

有分析认为导致这场危机的根源可能是美联储为遏制快速通胀而激进加息的货币政策。在一年多的刺激措施之后，国际金融系统将继续承受极大的压力。

On March 10, the Silicon Valley Bank declared bankruptcy, becoming the second largest bank failure in the history of the United States. This incident subsequently triggered turmoil in the U.S. and global banking industries. A week later, U.S. regional banks Signature Bank and First Republic Bank saw spectacular collapses.

The repercussions also reverberated across the Atlantic. As European banks, including Switzerland's Credit Suisse, edged closer to a similar crisis, concerns grew that the regional crisis could become systemic.

The suspected culprit for the festering crisis in 2023 was the U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy, which aggressively raised rates in a bid to curb rampant inflation. These rate hikes continued to put significant pressure on the global financial system throughout the year.

8月10日，西非国家经济共同体（西共体）领导人在尼日利亚首都阿布贾召开紧急会议，宣布立即启动地区常备部队，以应对尼日尔危机。（新华社）

非洲萨赫勒地区政变频发

Political Instability in Africa's Sahel Region

8月30日，加蓬军方部分人员称已经夺取政权。自2020年以来，西非和中非地区发生了至少8次政变。除2021年缅甸发生军事政变外，尽其所有政变都发生在非洲萨赫勒地区，这一情况曾被联合国秘书长古特雷斯形容为“政变流行病”。

联合国、非盟等国际组织多次呼吁相关各方保持克制，增进对话。西非国家经济共同体等地区组织还曾对部分国家采取制裁措施，并表示不排除进行军事干预的可能。古特雷斯8月曾表示，需要为非洲公民解决政治不稳定的根源问题创造条件。他指出，发展不足就是其政治不稳定的一个主要因素。

A military takeover took place in Gabon on August 30, the eighth successful coup to take place in Central and West Africa since 2020. With the exception of the coup that took place in Myanmar in 2021, all recent coups have taken place in Africa's Sahel region, and were described by UN Secretary General António Guterres as "an epidemic of coup d'états."

The UN, the African Union and other international organizations have repeatedly called on related parties to exercise restraint and enhance dialogue. Regional bodies such as the Economic Community of West African States have imposed sanctions on some countries and said they have not ruled out the possibility of military intervention. Guterres said in August conditions need to be created that allow African citizens to address the root causes of political instability—lack of development being a major factor.

8月27日，在马来西亚雪兰莪州的士毛月，人们参加反对日本核污染水排海的集会。（新华社）

日本排放核污水

Japan's Discharge of Nuclear-Contaminated Water

日本政府无视国内外反对呼声，于8月24日启动福岛第一核电站核污染水排海。

2011年3月11日，日本东北部海域发生9.0级地震并引发特大海啸。受地震、海啸双重影响，福岛第一核电站大量放射性物质泄漏。

目前，福岛第一核电站内储存的核污染水约134万吨，足以装满500座奥林匹克标准游泳池。以当前排放速度，或需40年才能排完。

通过把核污染水排海，日方正不断将风险转嫁给全世界，将长期危害强加给人类的子孙后代。

The Japanese Government, in disregard of strong criticism and opposition from the international community, began releasing nuclear-contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant into the Pacific Ocean on August 24.

The power plant was destroyed in March 2011 after a massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake generated powerful tsunami waves that caused the meltdowns of three of its nuclear reactors—one of the worst nuclear disasters in history.

The more than 1.3 million tons of wastewater—enough to fill more than 500 Olympic-size swimming pools—currently contained at the plant are now being released into the ocean in a process that could take up to 40 years to complete.

By dumping the nuclear-contaminated water into the ocean, Japan is spreading huge risks to the rest of the world, and openly passing long-term harm onto future generations of humanity.

编　　辑：马苗苗

李文瀚

责任编辑：丁　盈

设计排版：卢一凡

《北京周报》全年52期

每周更新一期

欢迎订阅！

复制链接至TB：

【淘宝】https://m.tb.cn/h.Uk9jgPF?tk=K2kRdfgvr8z CZ0001

「《北京周报》全年电子杂志订阅 1—52期 PDF文件

赠笔记本礼盒」