深度研究 | 走进全球顶尖实验室-物理篇

*文末附有全文的英文版本

English version is at the end of the text

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实验室研究是科学研究中最至关重要的过程之一，不同实验室也有着不同的意义。

从广义上讲，实验室的功能是根据科学产业的需要确定的。如果是学校的学生使用的实验室，那该实验室旨在使学生能够更详细地学习理论，并参与其应用，进行的与一些课程同步的实验学习。而如果是属于研究所是政府或非政府高等学府的实验室，则更适用于开展与当代科学产业相关的研究。

物理学的研究领域和意义

众所周知，物理学是一门以实验为核心基础的科学，几乎每个高校和教育学府都会配有相应的物理实验室。根据牛津高级词典的定义，“物理学是对物质和能量及其之间关系的科学研究，包括对力、热、光、声、电和原子结构的研究”[1]。由此可见，物理学是一门庞大的学科，涵盖了各个领域的学习和研究。物理实验室作为物理研究的“基地”，在此学科发展的道路上也起着十分关键的作用。

物理学是一门有生命力的动态学科，它在学术深度和广度上不断扩展，无论是就其本身而言，还是作为所有物理科学以及现在的生物和生命科学的基础学科，随着新技术、新工作方式和新研究领域的发展，物理学的开展方式正在发生变化。在全球几乎所有综合性大学，物理学都是学校一个不可或缺的专业设置。

物理学研究解决的问题如量子物理，粒子物理等名词听上去虽然都很“抽象”，但实际上，物理学的研究却十分贴近我们的生活。

康纳尔大学物理学官网中写道：“物理学帮助我们了解我们周围的世界是如何运作的，从开瓶器、灯泡和手机到肌肉、肺和大脑；从油漆、短笛和旋转木马到相机、汽车和大教堂；从地震、海啸和飓风到夸克、DNA 和黑洞。”[2]除此之外，许多我们想到或没想到的一切事物都与物理学有着一定的联系。

而物理学作为自然科学，都是要基于实验证据来验证理论基础的。实验在科学中扮演着许多角色，而它的重要作用之一是检验理论并为科学知识提供基础。对于科学探究的过程也大多都发生在实验室，科研工作者要在不断的实验中验证假设，探索新知和创新。

图片来源：摄图网

在全球的著名实验室中也不乏很多和物理相关的实验室，本文将会介绍5所具有代表性世界级成就的物理实验室，展示、分享物理的前沿发展。

卡文迪许实验室（Cavendish Laboratory）

卡文迪许实验室也是英国剑桥大学的物理系，由电磁学之父詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦于1871年创立，1874年建成实验室。在詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 (James Clerk Maxwell) 的指导下，卡文迪许实验室在学科发现和创新方面创造出卓越的成就，至今仍处于物理学发现的前沿，其核心计划是将实验物理学得到卓越的理论支撑。

同时，该实验室也在促进世界领先的实验和理论物理学的多样性方面做出卓越贡献，致力于与其他系、其他大学，尤其是同业界的同事进行应用和合作研究。

实验室成立后，卡文迪许教授接受任命，彻底改变了人类对物理世界的理解。截止到2019年，该实验室已有30位研究者获得诺贝尔奖，在卡文迪许实验室中的他们的重大发现包括了电子、中子和 DNA 结构等对科学发展都产生了划时代的意义，也在现代科学发展史上了起到了关键性的作用。[3]

每个实验室都有其重点研究方向，卡文迪许实验室也是如此，该实验室的研究主要基于理论和计算物理学，其中包括了7大主题：

图片来源：卡文迪许实验室官网

量子设备和测量

复杂系统的组装与功能

涌现的量子现象

能源材料

生物和生物医学物理学

高能物理

天体物理学

这七大主题不仅涵盖了目前的学科前沿重点，也反映了其所在国家的重点研究方向。[3]

劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室

（Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 简称LBL）

提到物理实验室，不得不提到极具世界代表性的劳伦斯伯克利实验室。它由诺贝尔奖获得者物理学家欧内斯特·劳伦斯（Ernest O. Lawrence）于 1931 年创立，目前隶属于美国能源部，由加州伯克利大学代为管理[5]。

劳伦斯最初创建的在伯克利的是辐射实验室，后因其在原子弹技术上的突破进展而备受关注后，辐射实验室被正式命名为“劳伦斯伯克利实验室”[5]。今天的LBL，已经形成了光子科学、气候环境科学、宇宙科学、能源科学等多学科并存交叉的研究格局，成为开展学术研究的圣地。

图片来源：劳伦斯伯克利实验室官网

劳伦斯伯克利实验室一直立足于解决世界最前沿的科学问题，该实验室的官网首页便写着“为世界带来科学解决方案（Bring Science Solutions to the World）”。截止2020年，共有14名诺贝尔奖获得者来自于劳伦斯伯克利实验室，且其实验室拥有1702名科学家、工程师和近千名联合教师及博士后学者。[5]LBL之所以拥有卓越的成就，核心要素也是因为它们拥有先进的科研装置和强大的科研团队。

该实验室拥有世界上一流的5大科学研究中心：进光源实验室（ALS）、能源科学网络中心、联合基因组研究所、分子铸造工厂、能源研究科学计算中心[6]。

这五大研究中心都是集顶尖的财力和智力在攻克世界层面的科技难题。

欧洲核子中心（European Organization for Nuclear Research，简称CERN）

欧洲核子中心是世界上最大的粒子物理研究中心。粒子是能够以自由状态存在的最小物质组成部分，粒子研究也正是CERN正在致力于的研究。他们通过为研究人员提供一系列独特的粒子加速器设施来实现这一目标，以推进人类知识的边界，揭示宇宙的奥秘。

CERN成立于1954年，是欧洲第一个联合科研机构，现有20多个成员国及近3000人的科研工作者。在如此庞大的科研团队的支持下，这些年他们取得了许多重大发现，获得了包括诺贝尔奖在内的数多著名奖项。

除了强大的科研团队，CERN的加速器和探测器目前也拥有着最先进的技术，使其和工业领域有着密切的合作，双方都能从中受益。一些相关领域的附带发展现也已融入人们的生活中，包括癌症治疗、医学和工业成像、辐射处理、电子学、测量仪器、新的加工工艺和新材料以及国际网络，而这些只不过是在CERN的粒子物理研究中开发出来的许多技术中的一部分。[7][8]

图片来源：CERN官网

除了这些卓越成就，万维网（World Wide Web）的发源地也是CERN，当时的英国科学家蒂姆·伯纳斯-李（Tim Berners-Lee）于 1989 年在欧洲核子研究中心工作时发明出万维网[7]。这也很大程度上加速和促进了全球范围内的大学和物理研究所的工作者们之间的信息共享。

欧洲核子研究中心作为粒子物理研究的领跑者，集结了全球的高精尖人才，不仅一直致力于推动研发先进的实用技术，更是在利用他们掌握的最新技术改变着世界，改变着每一个人的生活。

欧洲同步辐射光源（European Synchrotron Radiation Facility，简称ESRF）

欧洲同步辐射光源ESRF是位于具有“法国硅谷”之称的法国东南部格勒诺布尔的一个国际研究机构。其ESRF-EBS是ESRF在 2015 年至 2022 年期间耗资 1.5 亿欧元升级的首创低发射高能同步加速器光源。凭借革命性的新存储环概念，与当今光源相比，产生的 X 射线束的亮度和相干性提高了 100 倍。ESRF-EBS 代表了新一代同步加速器，是科学家们研究研究物质核心的非凡新工具，也被誉为是欧洲科学的“神灯”[9][10]。

ESRF也算是科学界的创新标杆之一。从建立之初就一直是该领域的领导者，并且在光源亮度、X 射线束稳定性和相干性等方面都有着突破性的记录和新的进展。ESRF还为工业研究和开发提供了很多机会，它们的实验技术都有着很强的实用性，如制药、化学、催化、化妆品、食品、电池、纳米技术、医药和材料领域等工业集团都有在使用ESRF的无损技术来改进他们的产品和工艺。

他们的辉煌成就也体现在了各个行业。如今，在医院里虽然能够拍摄X光片，但三维造影术并不能区分各类软组织。而在ESRF，当X光穿越不同密度的组织时，相位衬度成像就会通过匀称的X射线束的轻微偏差来实现。这一技术能分辨各软组织的差异，从而进行肿瘤的早期诊断。一般的癌症放化治疗，是用X光来杀死癌细胞，但同时也破坏了周围的健康组织。ESRF利用超强聚焦的性能，能够优先杀死患病的癌细胞。[10]

除了高精尖行业，ESRF的技术也应用在了艺术行业。2011年2月，ESRF同步辐射光源揭开了梵高画中向日葵褪色的秘密。大多数油画都会因为污垢的堆积和环境的暴露在几个世纪后失去原本的光泽，其中，颜料中的铬黄类（19世纪的流行色）特别容易褪色。通过X射线荧光、X射线衍射、拉曼散射等分析研究，科学家们发现黄色颜料中的铬在人为的紫外线老化过程中由六价的铬（CrVI）降解成更为稳定的三价铬（CrIII），明亮的黄变成黯淡的巧克力色。[10]

图片来源：中国科学院高能物理研究所官网

作为该领域的先锋者，ESFR的卓越贡献是世界层面的科学家们有目共睹的。

贝尔实验室（Nokia Bell Labs）

贝尔实验室的名字可谓是如雷贯耳，甚至一度被称为“地表最强的实验室”。毕竟，它是晶体管、激光器、太阳能电池、发光二极管、数字交换机、通信卫星、电子数字计算机、C语言、UNIX操作系统、蜂窝移动通信设备、长途电视传送、仿真语言、有声电影、立体声录音，以及通信网等许多重大发明的诞生地。

如此顶尖的实验室也培养出了10多位诺贝尔奖获得者及两万多项的有效专利。其中人人皆知的便是电话专利发明，这项发明也可以说是人类迈向文明的一大步。

贝尔实验室以亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔（Alexander Graham Bell）的名字命名，他也是电话专利的获得者。在实验室建立之初，科学工作者们便致力于数学、物理学、材料科学、计算机编程、电信技术等各方面的研究。也就是说，除了电信技术的研发之外，该研究室的重点在于基础理论研究,而也正是基础理论研究成就了贝尔实验室的辉煌。[11]

然而，登上神坛的贝尔实验室在21世纪的就很快的销声匿迹。依附于美国电信通讯公司AT&T后，由于相关政策的改变加以金融危机的到来，让贝尔实验室核心团队和经费都被大幅度缩减，使其不得不放弃了引以为傲的基础物理学研究，而把有限的资源投入到其他可以为母公司带来回报的领域中。此后，美国电信通讯公司AT&T母公司被诺基亚收购，虽然也保留了贝尔实验室，但是现在已经成为一个相对较小的研究机构，挥别了往日的辉煌。[12]

即便如此，即使贝尔实验室可能不会再有当年的研究突破，它对国家乃至世界的贡献是不会被遗忘的。正如物理史学家 迈克尔·里奥丹（Michael Riordan）的评论“不会再有任何机构能够超越贝尔实验室对国家科技发展做出的贡献”。[12]

总结和讨论

科学研究是成功驾驭复杂世界的重要工具。科学研究不会止步于实验室，也不会限于实验室，实验室只是基础科学发展的“摇篮”。科研是探索未知，是探索可能，是探索未来。我们所认识的世界都是从一个个科研中进化而来，没有了科研，人类只能在既定的经验中绕圈。要走出去这个“圈”，向外探索哪怕一点点，都需要有人站出来去做，而这些人就是科研工作者们。或许说，向外探索可以依赖可能性，但可能性也是不确定性，而可以将这种不确定性降低了，本身就是促进人类进步的方法。

虽然当代科研虽然蓬勃发展，但并不是所有的科研工作都能获得实际应用价值甚至科学价值，不过，正是因为有这些科研工作者不懈坚持才能推动社会发展，推动科技进步。

English Version

Editor’s Note:

Laboratory research is one of the most important processes in scientific research, the research significance varies in different laboratories.

Broadly speaking, the function of the laboratory is determined according to the needs of the scientific industry. In the case of a laboratory used by students at the school, the laboratory is designed to enable students to learn the theory in more detail and participate in its application, conducting experimental learning that is synchronized with some of the courses. If it is a laboratory of a governmental or non-governmental institution, then it is more suitable for conducting research related to the contemporary scientific industry.

The Research Field in Physics

As we all know, physics is a science-based on experiments, and almost every university and educational institution will have a corresponding physics laboratory. According to the Oxford Advanced Dictionary, "physics is a scientific study of matter and energy and its relationship, including the study of force, heat, light, sound, electricity and atomic structure"[1]. Thus, physics is a huge subject, covering all fields of study and research. As the "base" of physics research, the physics laboratory also plays a key role in the development of this discipline.

Physics is a dynamic discipline that constantly expands in academic depth and breadth. As a fundamental discipline of all physical sciences and biological and life sciences, the way physics is developed is changing with the development of new technologies, new ways of working, and new areas of research. Physics is an indispensable major setting in almost all comprehensive universities around the world.

Physics research solves problems such as quantum physics, particles and other areas that seem very "abstract", but in fact, the study of physics is very close to our lives.

Cornell University’s physic department page says, "Physics helps us understand how the world around us works, from bottle openers, light bulbs and cell phones to muscles, lungs and brains; from paints, flutes and carousels to cameras, cars and cathedrals; from earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes to quarks, DNA and black holes"[2]. Beyond that, a lot of things that we think of or don't think of having a connection to physics.

As a natural science, physics is based on experimental evidence to verify the theoretical basis. Experiments play many roles in science, and one of their important roles is to test theory and provide the basis for scientific knowledge. For scientific inquiry, most of its processes also occur in the laboratory, researchers are doing continuous experiments to verify the hypothesis, explore new knowledge and innovation.

Source: 699pic.com

There are many physics-related laboratories in the world's leading laboratories, and this article will introduce five representative world-class physics laboratories to showcase and share the cutting-edge developments of physics.

Cavendish Laboratory

Cavendish Laboratory is also the physics department of the University of Cambridge, was founded in 1871 by James Clark Maxwell, who is the father of electromagnetics, and then he built the laboratory in 1874. Under the guidance of James Clark Maxwell, Cavendish laboratory has made outstanding achievements in discipline discovery and innovation. It is still at the forefront of physics, and its core plan is to support experimental physics with superior theory.

At the same time, the laboratory has made outstanding contributions to the diversity of the world's leading experimental and theoretical physics. It is committed to applying and collaborating research with other departments, other universities, and especially with colleagues in the industry.

After the laboratory was established, Professor Cavendish was appointed and revolutionized human understanding of the physical world. By 2019, 30 researchers in the lab have won Nobel Prizes, and their major discoveries in the Cavendish lab include electron, neutron and DNA structures, have made epoch-making sense for scientific development and played a key role in the history of modern science [3].

Each laboratory has its own focus,and so does Cavendish laboratory, which is based primarily on theoretical and computational physics in the following seven topics:

Source: Cavendish Laboratory Official website

Quantum Device and Management

Assembly and Function of Complex Systems

Emerging Quantum Phenomenon

Energy Materials

BiomedicalandBiomedical Physics

High-energy Physics

Astrophysics

These seven themes not only cover the current frontiers of the discipline but also reflect the research focus in their countries [3].

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL)

When it comes to physics labs, it is necessary to mention the world-representative lab-Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Founded in 1931 by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Ernest O. Lawrence, it is now part of the U.S. Department of Energy and is managed by the University of California, Berkeley.

Lawrence's original radiation lab in Berkeley was officially named the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory after it gained attention for its breakthrough in atomic bomb technology. Today's LBL has formed a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research pattern of photon science, climate environment science, cosmic science, energy science, etc., and has become a sacred place to carry out academic research.

Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Offical Website

Lawrence Berkeley Labs has been based on solving the world's most cutting-edge scientific problems. The lab's official website has the front page that says "Bring Science Solutions to the World." By 2020, 14 Nobel laureates were from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. It has 1,702 scientists, engineers, and nearly a thousand co-teachers and postdoctoral scholars. The core elements of LBL's outstanding achievements are also due to its advanced research facilities and strong research teams.

The laboratory has five of the world's leading scientific research centers: the Light Source Laboratory (ALS), the Energy Science Network Center, the Joint Genomics Institute, the Molecular Foundry, and the Energy Research Science Computing Center [6].

These five research centers are all focused on the world's top financial and intellectual challenges in tackling the world's scientific and technological problems.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

CERN is the world's largest research center for particle physics. Particles are the smallest components of matter that can exist in a free state, and particle research is exactly what CERN is working on. They do this by providing researchers with a unique range of particle accelerator facilities to push the boundaries of human knowledge and reveal the mysteries of the universe.

CERN was founded in 1954, and it is Europe's first joint scientific research institution with more than 20 member countries and nearly 3,000 researchers. With the support of such a large scientific team, they have made many important discoveries over the years and won many prestigious awards, including the Nobel Prize.

In addition to a strong research team, CERN's accelerators and detectors currently have state-of-the-art technology that allows them to work closely with the industrial sector, benefiting both parties. Incidental developments in a number of related areas are now being integrated into people's lives, including cancer treatment, medical and industrial imaging, radiation treatment, electronics, measuring instruments, new processes and new materials, and international networks[7] [8]. These are just some of the many techniques developed in CERN's particle physics research.

Source: CERN Official Website

Besides these remarkable achievements, the World Wide Web(www) was originated at CERN as well. Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented it while working at CERN in 1989[7]. This has also greatly accelerated and facilitated information-sharing among researchers at universities and physics institutes around the world.

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is an international research institution located in Grenoble, southeastern France, known as the "Silicon Valley of France". Its ESRF-EBS is ESRF's first low-emission high-energy synchrotron light source, which is to be upgraded between 2015 and 2022 for 150 million euros. With the revolutionary new storage ring concept, the resulting X-ray beam is 100 times brighter and more coherent than today's light sources. ESRF-EBS represents a new generation of synchrotrons, an extraordinary new tool for scientists to study the core of the matter, and is known as the "god lamp" of European science[9][10].

ESRF is also one of the scientific community's innovation benchmarks. It has been a leader in this field since its inception, and has a breakthrough record in light source brightness, X-ray beam stability and co-sequence. ESRF also offers many opportunities for industrial research and development, and their experimental techniques are highly practical, such as pharmaceutical, chemical, catalytic, cosmetics, food, batteries, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and materials industries are using ESRF's non-destructive technology to improve their products.

Their brilliant achievements are also reflected in various industries. Today, X-rays can be taken in hospitals, but 3D contrast does not distinguish between soft tissues. In ESRF, phase contrast imaging is achieved by a slight deviation of a well-balanced X-ray beam as X-rays travel through tissues of different densities. This technique can distinguish between soft tissues for the early diagnosis of tumors. The general cancer release treatment uses X-rays to kill cancer cells, but it also destroys the surrounding healthy tissue. ESRF takes advantage of ultra-focused performance to prioritize the killing of diseased cancer cells [10].

In addition to the high-precision industry, ESRF technology is also used in the art industry. In February 2011, the ESRF Synchrotron Radiation Light Source revealed the secret of sunflower fading in Van Gogh's paintings. Most paintings lose their original luster after centuries of dirt build-up and environmental exposure, with chromium yellow (a popular 19th-century color) in pigments particularly prone to fade. Through X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and other analytical studies, scientists found that chromium in yellow pigments degrades from hexavalent chromium (CrVI) to more stable trivalent chromium (Cr III) during artificial UV aging, with bright yellow turning into a dull chocolate color. [10]

Source: The Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Official Website

As a pioneer in this field, ESFR's outstanding contribution is evident to scientists around the world.

Nokia Bell Labs

Bell Labs was famous for its name, and was once even called "the most powerful laboratory on the surface". After all, it is the birthplace of many major inventions such as transistors, lasers, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, digital switches, communications satellites, electronic digital computers, C languages, UNIX operating systems, cellular mobile communications devices, long-distance television transmissions, simulation languages, audio movies, stereo recordings, and communications networks.

Such a top laboratory has also produced more than 10 Nobel Laureates and more than 20,000 valid patents. One of them is known to everyone is the invention of the telephone patent, which can also be said to be a great step towards civilization.

Bell Labs is named after Alexander Graham Bell, who is also a patent holder for telephones. Since the establishment of the laboratory, scientists have devoted themselves to mathematics, physics, materials science, computer programming, telecommunications technology and other aspects of research. In other words, the focus of its research is basic theoretical research, which also made Bell Labs brilliant[11].

However, Bell Labs quickly disappeared in the 21st century. The financial crisis, which followed a change in policy at AT&T, forced Bell Labs' core team and funding to abandon its proud basic physics research and devote limited resources to other areas that could pay off for the parent company. Since then, the parent company of the US telecommunications company, AT&T, has been acquired by Nokia. Although bell labs have been retained, they have now become a relatively small research institution and are “saying goodbye” to the glory of the past [12].

Even if Bell Labs may not be as brilliant as it was then, its contribution to the country and the world will not be forgotten. As the physical historian Michael Riordan commented, “No more institutions can surpass Bell Labs' contribution to the nation's technological development". [12]

Summary and Discussion

Scientific research is an important tool for successfully harnessing complex worlds. Scientific research does not stop at the laboratory, nor is it limited to the laboratory, which is only the "cradle" of basic scientific development. Scientific research is to explore the unknown, is to explore the possibility, is to explore the future. The worlds we know have evolved from one scientific research to another. Without scientific research, humans can only circle around in established experience. To go out of this "circle" and explore even a little bit, someone needs to come forward and do it, and these people are researchers. Perhaps outward exploration can depend on possibilities, but possibilities are also uncertainties, which can be reduced as a way to promote human progress.

参考资料 Reference：

[1]《牛津高阶英语词典》第九版，1948.

[2]“Why Physics?”, http://phystec.physics.cornell.edu/content/why-study-physics, Cornell,2011.

[3]卡文迪许实验室官网，“Research at the Cavendish”, https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/research, University of Cambridge,2021.

[4]卡文迪许实验室官网，“The Future of the Cavendish”, https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/development/future, University of Cambridge,2021.

[5]劳伦斯伯克利实验室官网，“About the Lab”, https://www.lbl.gov/about/.

[6]“我在美国劳伦斯伯克利实验室的见闻”, http://qnck.cyol.com/html/2017-04/05/nw.D110000qnck_20170405_1-15.htm, 中青在线，2017年4月。

[7]欧洲核子研究中心官网，https://home.cern/about/who-we-are, 2021.

[8]欧洲核子研究中心, http://www.ihep.cas.cn/kxcb/zmsys/200910/t20091030_2643481.html，

中国科学院高能物理研究所，2013年8月。

[9] ESRF-EBS, ESFR官网, https://www.esrf.fr/about/upgrade.

[10]欧洲同步辐射光源http://www.ihep.cas.cn/kxcb/zmsys/201107/t20110711_3307252.html, 中国科学院高能物理研究所，2011年7月。

[11]贝尔实验室官网，https://www.bell-labs.com/about/history/

[12]“登上神坛又跌落谷底，地表最强的贝尔实验室到底经历了什么？” https://www.edu.cn/rd/gao_xiao_cheng_guo/ssgx/202008/t20200819_1752116.shtml ，中国高校教育和计算机网，2020年8月。

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