焦谷氨酰(pGlu)肽是由谷氨酰胺或谷氨酸N末端残基的分子内环化形成的。这个过程可能是内源性的,也可能是在含肽食物的加工过程中发生的,一些因素有助于焦谷氨酰的形成,如加热、高压和酶促修饰等。焦谷氨酰被认为具有不同的特性,尤其是苦位和鲜味,因此会影响含有此种物质的食品的感官特性。并且,已经报道了焦谷氨酰肽的一些促进健康的特性,包括保肝、抗抑郁和抗炎活性。然而,尽管疏水性γ-内酰胺环增强了肽抵抗胃肠道蛋白酶降解的稳定性,但焦谷氨酰残基在肽生物活性中的作用尚未完全确定。
加拿大渥太华大学营养学院的Behzad Gazme和Ruth T. Boachie等的该篇综述讨论了食品中焦谷氨酰肽的产生、定量、感官和生物学特性,以及在食品中的应用前景。
食物中焦谷氨酰肽的形成
食品中存在焦谷氨酰肽的第一篇报道是在1970年代。继而,有研究报道了在酸消化食用菌(Agaricus campestris)中存在含焦谷氨酰的二肽pGlu-Thr、pGlu-Asp、pGlu-Val、pGlu-Leu、pGlu-Phe、pGlu-Gly、pGlu-Ala、pGlu-Glu和pGlu-Pro。此外,小麦面筋富含谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白,在N端带有大量的谷氨酰胺残基,在加工过程中可以转化为焦谷氨酰残基。有文献表示,在小麦面筋水解产物水解过程中加热会产生焦谷氨酰残留物,进一步的研究表明,小麦面筋水解物中的某些焦谷氨酰肽,例如pGlu-Asn-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Gln-Gln-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Gln-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Gln-Pro-Gly-Gln-Gly-Gln、pGlu-Gln、pGlu-Gln-Pro、pGlu-Ile-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Ile-Pro、pGlu-Gln-Pro-Leu、pGlu-Gln-Phe-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Ser-Phe-Pro-Gln、pGlu-Phe-Pro-Gln和pGlu-Gln-Pro-Pro-Phe-Ser对胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化均具有抗性。另有文献报道了热处理后谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白的枯草杆菌消化物中存在pGlu-Leu和pGlu-Gln-Leu,并且在米曲霉蛋白酶产生的面筋水解产物酸性部分发现了pGlu-Ile、pGlu-Leu和pGlu-Gln、pGlu-Gln-Gln。值得注意的是,在小麦蛋白水解的过程中是否由于酶活性、热处理或这些组合因素发生了N末端环化尚不清楚。
在日本清酒中鉴定出28 种焦谷氨酰肽,其中pGlu-Leu和pGlu-Gln是主要成分;此外在干腌火腿中鉴定出了pGlu-Pro、pGlu-Ile和pGlu-Leu;在帕尔玛干酪中鉴定出pGlu-Ile、pGlu-Leu和pGlu-Phe;在酱油中已发现9 种焦谷氨酰二肽,分别为pGlu-Gly、pGlu-Gln、pGlu-Asp、pGlu-Glu、pGlu-Pro、pGlu-Val、pGlu-Ile、pGlu-Leu和pGlu-Phe。有研究人员使用肽组学方法发现,在胃蛋白酶和胰腺马铃薯蛋白水解物中,大约有100 个焦谷氨酰修饰的肽,且残基数更多。通常,已在不同的加工食品中鉴定出具有2~20 个氨基酸残基的焦谷氨酰肽,其中二肽和三肽的出现频率最高(下图)。总体而言,pGlu-Leu是各种食品中最常报道的焦谷氨酰肽。
Conclusion
在食品加工过程中,多种因素可导致N端谷氨酰胺基或谷氨酰基残基的结构修饰形成焦谷氨酰肽。γ-内酰胺环结构使肽对消化蛋白酶的抵抗力增强,从而可以增强其天然形式的肽吸收。由此可以确定,焦谷氨酰肽的健康益处可以保留,因为它们的形态可能不会在食品消化吸收的过程中改变。但是,关于生物活性、食品货架期、安全性以及食品衍生谷氨酰基肽的感官作用的分子机制仍缺乏信息,因此需要进一步研究来填补这些知识空白。
Occurrence, properties and biological significance of pyroglutamyl peptides derived from different food sourcesBehzad Gazmea,1, Ruth T. Boachiea,1, Apollinaire Tsopmo b, Chibuike C. Udenigwea,c,
aSchool of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 415 Smyth Road, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada bFood Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada c Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
Abstract: Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides are formed from intramolecular cyclization of glutamine or glutamic acid residue at the N-terminal position of peptides. This process can occur endogenously or during processing of foods containing the peptides. Some factors such as heat, high pressure and enzymatic modifications contribute to pGlu formation. pGlu peptides are thought to have different characteristics, especially bitter and umani tastes, and thus can affect the sensory properties of foods that contain them. Moreover, some health-promoting properties have been reported for pGlu peptides, including hepatoprotective, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the role of pGlu residue in the peptide bioactivity is not completely established, although the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring is thought to enhance the peptide stability against degradation by gastrointestinal proteases. This review discusses the occurrence and formation of pGlu peptides in foods, their quantification, sensory and biological properties, and prospects in food applications.
该文章《Occurrence, properties and biological significance of pyroglutamyl peptides derived from different food sources》被《Food Science and Human Wellness》于2019年第8卷第3期第268-274出版。
翻译:梁安琪;编辑:袁艺;责编:张睿梅
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