英国罗斯柴尔德拍卖行解析哥窑窑址迷雾

哥窑，宋代五大名窑之一，至今遗址尚未找到。有的文献上将浙江龙泉官窑称为哥窑，实为讹传。

Ge kiln, one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, has not yet been found. In some documents, the official kilns of Longquan in Zhejiang are called "Ge kilns".

传世的哥窑瓷器，胎有黑、深灰、浅灰、土黄等色，釉以灰青色为主，也有米黄、乳白等色，由于釉中存在大量气泡、未熔石英颗粒与钙长石结晶，所以乳浊感较强。釉面有大小纹开片，细纹色黄，粗纹黑褐色，俗称"金丝铁线"。

Brother kiln porcelain handed down from time to time has black, dark gray, light gray, Turquoise and other colors, the glaze is mainly grey-blue, but also cream-yellow, cream-white and other colors, because there are a lot of bubbles in the glaze, unfused quartz particles and calcium feldspar crystallization, so the opacity is strong. Glaze has size and grain, thin yellow, rough black brown, commonly known as "golden wire".

元代哥窑倭角方洗

从瓷器的釉色、纹片、造型来看，均不同于宋代龙泉官窑。哥窑是文献中记载的宋代五大名窑之一，历来受到收藏家、鉴赏家、考古学家等专家学者的重视和关注，对哥窑的课题研究从未间断且方兴未艾。然而迄今未找到确切窑址。哥窑瓷器非常珍贵，据统计，全世界大约有三百余件，远少于元青花的存世数量。

From the glaze color, pattern and shape of porcelain, it is different from the official kiln of Longquan in Song Dynasty. Geyao is one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty recorded in the literature. It has always been valued and concerned by collectors, connoisseurs, archaeologists and other experts and scholars.

The research on Geyao has never stopped and is in the ascendant. However, no definite site has yet been found. Geyao porcelain is very precious. According to statistics, there are about 300 pieces in the world, far less than the number of blue and white in the Yuan Dynasty.

与哥窑相关的文字最早见于元至正二十三年（1363年）孔齐的《至正直记》：“乙未冬在杭州时，市哥哥洞窑者一香鼎，质细虽新，其色莹润如旧造，识者犹疑之。会荆溪王德翁亦云，近日哥哥窑绝类古官窑，不可不细辨也。”一般认为，这里指的哥哥洞窑和哥哥窑即为哥窑，“绝类古官窑”也正与以后的文献描述的哥窑特征相符。

The characters related to Ge Yao were first found in Kong Qi's "Zhi Zheng Zhi Zhi Ji" in the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Dynasty (1363): "When Yiwei Dong was in Hangzhou, the city's elder brother's cave dweller Yixiang Ding was of fine quality, fresh as old, lustrous and lustrous.

Wang Xi Wang de Weng Yi Yun, recently, the elder brother kiln is absolutely ancient official kiln. It is generally believed that the elder brother's cave and the elder brother's kiln referred to here are the Ge kilns, and the "absolute ancient official kiln" is also in line with the characteristics described in the later literature.

明代《宣德鼎彝谱》写道：“马祖之神供奉狮首马蹄炉，仿宋哥窑款式，炉高五寸六分……”，此文多处提到“仿宋哥窑款式”，因此哥窑被认为是宋代的名窑是顺理成章的。关于哥窑的文献记载还可见于明代《宣德鼎彝谱》：“内库所藏柴、汝、官、哥、钧、定各窑器皿……”，由于柴窑被传为五代所烧；故后世只列五大名窑，即官、哥、汝、定、钧。

Then the Ming Dynasty "Xuande Ding Yi Pu" said: "The God of Matsu worshiped the lion-head horseshoe stove, imitating the Song Ge kiln style, the stove is five inches and six cents high..." This article mentions "imitation of Song Ge kiln style" in many places, so it is logical that Ge kiln is considered as a famous kiln in Song Dynasty.

Documentary records of Ge Yao can also be found in the Ming Dynasty "Xuande Ding Yi Pu": "Inside the storehouse store firewood, Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, Ding each kiln utensils..." Because the firewood kiln was burned in the Five Dynasties, only five famous kilns were listed in the following generations, namely, Guan, Ge, Ru, Ding and Jun.

宋代哥窑菊瓣碗高：10.cm 口径：21.cm

作为五大名窑之一的哥窑，随着文献资料的不断发现和考古资料的不断充实，对哥窑的认识已渐趋清晰。然而；由于缺乏同代文献，且后代文献常是一鳞半爪，零零碎碎，有的还互相矛盾，目前仍无法揭开层层面纱，呈现它的真实面目。虽然数十年来与哥窑相关的考古实物资料不断增多，并且也依据这些实物资料解决了一些悬而未决的问题，但在惊喜之后，蓦然回首，人们发现，这些实物资料以及由此而得出的结论往往与文献记述无法对应，有些甚至南辕北辙。

As one of the five famous kilns, Geyao has become more and more clear with the discovery of documents and the enrichment of archaeological data. However, due to the lack of contemporary literature, and the descendants of literature is often a scale and a half claws,

fragmentary, and some are contradictory, it is still impossible to uncover the layers of the yarn, showing its true face. Although the archaeological materials related to Geyao have been increasing for decades, and some unsettled problems have been solved based on these materials,

people suddenly look back on the surprise and find that these materials and the conclusions drawn from them often do not correspond to the documentation, some even to the south. Rut.

因此，哥窑问题依然迷雾重重。哥窑恰如一颗色彩绚丽光芒四射的夜明珠，人们只能远望它耀眼的光环，而无法目睹它真实的风采。哥窑是存世瓷器中谜团最多的一个，窑址至今没有定论，有人说在河南，有人说在景德镇，有人说在杭州，还有说在浙江龙泉。

Therefore, the problem of Ge kiln is still dense. Ge Yao is just like a brilliant colorful night pearl. People can only look at its dazzling aura from afar, but can not see its true elegance. Ge Yao is one of the most enigmatic porcelain in the world. The site of the kiln has not been decided yet. Some people say in Henan, some say in Jingdezhen, some say in Hangzhou, and some say in Longquan, Zhejiang.

哥窑贯耳瓶

嘉靖年间刊刻的《七修类稿续稿》称，哥窑与龙泉窑都是在龙泉县烧造的。南宋时有章生一、章生二兄弟俩以烧瓷为业，哥哥章生一烧瓷以胎细质坚、断裂开片为特色，因而被称作哥窑；弟弟烧出来的青瓷不开片，被称为龙泉窑。但后来一些研究考证发现，二者的土质颜色不符，对哥窑窑址难下判断。假如没有新的考古发现，哥窑窑址将还会是一团迷雾。

The seven revision manuscript published in Jiajing year said that both the kiln and Longquan kiln were fired in Longquan county. In the Southern Song Dynasty, two brothers, Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Shengyi, were engaged in porcelain firing.

Their elder brother, Zhang Shengyi, was called Geyao because of his fine and hard body and broken pieces. But later, some research and textual research found that the color of the two soils did not agree with each other, and it was difficult to judge the kiln site. If there is no new archaeological discoveries, the kiln site will be a dense fog.